Review Biadratn: 



v' 



CHARLES R McKENNV' 



miiiiiniiiiiwiiii 1 1 —,——■.. i».....«.....»«..i 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Chap Copyright No 

Shelf..L"B..\5 67 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



humphrey's 
Review Diagrams. 



AN OUTLINE 

OF 

U. S. History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, 

Reading, Orthography, Theory and Art of Teaching, 

Arithmetic and Physiology. 



FOURTH EDI'TION, 

REVISED AND ENLARGED. 



BY 

CHARLES R. McKENNY, A. M„ 

PRESIDENT CENTRAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
MT. PLEASANT, MICHIGAN. 



PUBLISHED BY 

LYON. BEECHER, KYMER & PALMER CO. 
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 



V 






4/ 



Copyrighted i88j, 1888 and i8pp, 

by 

JAMES IV. HUMPHREY. 

TWO COPIES HECEIVED. 









SECOND COPY, 



Press of ^f. Seymour 
S|« & muir 
a Printing 
I Company 
I ®ranb Rapibs 
I lTlict)igan 






PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. 

Believing that tabulated outlines of the various 
branches taught in the common schools would be of service 
to teachers in the rural schools of Michigan, Honorable J. 
W. Humphrey, a practical schoolmaster, published in 1883 
his Review Diagrams. The edition was soon exhausted. 
A second and third edition followed. The demand in- 
creased. The little booklet had sales in several states be- 
sides Michigan. It has been three years since the last 
copy of the third edition was sold. 

The calls for the book have been so constant and num- 
erous during the past two years that Mr. Humphrey has 
felt induced to issue another edition, and being toO closely 
engaged by other interests, he asked my assistance. 

All the outlines have been revised and enlarged, to 
bring them up to the best scholarship of to-day!. 

It is hoped by the authors that this edition will prove 
as helpful as the previous ones. 

CHARLES R. MCKENNY. 

Central State Normal School, 

Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. 



\li 



SUGGESTIONS. 



The object of this book is twofold, to furnish an 
outline for REVIEW and to offer BLACKBOARD 
WORK to the young teacher. Events standing 
alone are of little educational value. In the 
** Diagrams," subjects are grouped together, thus 
aiding the memory by helping the intelligence. 

They are intended to be suggestive rather than 
complete. 



^^ j^% 5^w g^W ^W ^W ^W g^W g^% g^w 



9\ 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



PERIODS— 

Prehistoric, before 1000. 
Discovery and exploration, 1000-1607. 
Colonization, 1607-1*763. 

The Revolution, 1763-1783. ^ 

The Confederation, 1783-1789. 

Struggle between State Rights and National Author- 
ity, 1789-1865. 
Later Development, 1865-1900. 

PREHISTORIC AMERICA— 

Inhabitants. Civilization, North, South. 

Origin. Rerpains of their civilization. 

DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS, 1000-1607— 

Northmen. English. Dutch. 

Spanish. French. 

NORTHMEN— 

Leif Ericson, 1000. 

SPANISH— 

Motives leading to exploration. 
Columbus, 1492, 1494, 1498, 1502. 
Americus Vespucius, about 1497. 
Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 1513. 

Ponce de Leon, 1513-1521 (first attempt at settle- 
ment). 

Cortez, 1519-1521. 

Lucas Vasquez de Ayelon, 1526 (second attempt at 
settlement). 

Francisco Vasquez Coronado, 1540-42. 
Hernando De Soto, 1539. 
Melendez, 1565. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



ENGLISH- 



The Cabots, 1498. Gilbert, 1583. 

Frobisher, 1576. Raleigh, 1585-6-7. 

Drake, 1579. Gosnold, 1602. 

FRENCH— 

Verrazano, 1524. Champlain, 1603-8-9. 

Cartier, 1534-41. De Monts, 1604. 

The Hugenots, 1555-65. La Salle, 1682. 

DUTCH— 

Henry Hudson, 1609. 



TERRITORIAL CLAIMS, BASED ON DISCOVERY 
AND EXPLORATION. 



Spain. England. 

France. Netherlands. 

FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
SPANISH— 

St. Augustine, 1565. Santa Fe, 1582. 

ENGLISH- 

Jamestown, 1607. Plymouth, 1620. 

FRENCH— 

Port Royal, 1605. Quebec, 1608. 

DUTCH— 

New York, 1623. 

SWEDES— 

On the Delaware, 1638. 



OUTLINE HISTORIES OF COLONIES. 



VIRGINIA— 

1607-1715 

London Company, Jamestown, 1607; Smith; Slaves, 
1619; House of Burgesses, 1619; Royal Colony, 
Bacon's Rebellion, Industries, Local Government, 
Servants. 



UlSriTED STATES HISTORY. 7 

MASSACHUSETTS— 

1620-1644 

Plymouth Company, Puritans in England, Pilgrims 
in Holland, Mayflower, Mayflower Compact; Ply- 
mouth, 1620; Miles Standish, William Bradford, 
Massachusetts Bay Colony, Distinctions between 
Puritans and Pilgrims, Development of Political 
Freedom (Town-meeting, Representation, Voting by 
Ballot, Two Houses in the Legislature), Industries, 
Social Distinctions, Character of Settlers, Religious 
Difficulties, Witchcraft, Harvard College. 

CONNECTICUT— 

1635-1664 

Settlement from Massachusetts, Drafted their own 
Charter, Charter from the Crown, Yale University. 

RHODE ISLAND— 

1636-1663 

Roger Williams, Settlement of Providence and New- 
port, Religious Toleration, Charter. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE— 

1627-1677 

Settlement from older Colonies, Land Grants. 
NEW YORK— 

1626-1691 

Settlement by Dutch for Trade, Peter Stuyvesant, 
Taken by England, Jacob Leislar, Social Conditions, 
Patrons, Free Schools, Government. 

NEW JERSEY— 

1664-1738 

Swedes, Dutch, English, Liberal Government, 
Quakers as Proprietors, East and West Jersey, Pres- 
byterian Influence. 

PENNSYLVANIA— 

1681-1718 

William Penn, Effort to Establish a Liberal but 
Firm Government, Philadelphia, Treaty with the 
Indians, Boundary Disputes, People quarrel with 
Proprietors. 

DELAWARE— 

1682 

Swedes, Purchased by Penn, Becomes Separate 
Colony. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



H 






<. 




























^^ 


2 W 3 






Z S |J 




o 


wHg 




« 


>a ^ 




Fi 


O 


« 


0) 

en 



o 


u 


; ) 


« 




^ 


rt 


O 




>^ 










Bf? 


H 




"o 


o 


> 


o 


E 

O 




D 








v-< 










o 


-a d 


U 


92 


■a 






u 






T) 


B^ 


o 


ffi° 


O 





>, 








CB 








• 2 








a 


o 


o 


<A 


a, 



«. 



? a^ E 

O lU c 

UK 





<D 


g 




O 
















o 


s 


M 




1^ 


ft 


U-. 


o 


<uC/3 


3 


ca 




ac 


3 
o 


E 
g 


D 


o. 


o 


05 


W 


U 



I f^ 



Ea 
o » 

"H.S 

„ (D O 

51 E 



— Ob 



.Eg 

r: 3 



-d 




fi 






0) 




— 






R 




iO'5 










J3 CS 






o 




-•-' u 








01 CD 






0) ri 


c 


^O 






a; u 




bH 


a 


■^■1 




Bt3 


rt 


30 





B2 

« 


u 


u 


d, 


05 


O. 


1 









ja 




J3 
3 







3 


S 


V. 

V-t 
CO 




> t^ 
n 


IS 


few 


Z 


Ufe 


w 



O! 






000 


to 


M 












C0 5D 

















-^ .-> T-l 1-. -i^ 













































■" 




J3 






■a 


5> 




a 




a 


c 


p 


Ai 


E 


T3 


CJ 


— 


>c 




CO 


C 


*-< 


i_i 




>< 


ffi 


CO 


m 


(1) 




J; 


& 




e 


•a 















:s 


Z 


Z 


% 


u 


« 


1 



UNITED STATES JT! STORY. 9 

THE CAROLINAS— 

1663-1729 

John Locke and the Charter, Failure of System of 
Holding Land, John Archdale, Separation of Col- 
onies, 1729; Industries, Character of Settlers. 

MARYLAND— 

1632-1716 

Lord Baltimore, Catholics, Religious Toleration, Re- 
ligious Troubles, Clayborne. 

GEORGIA— 

1732 

James Oglethorpe, Efforts for the Suppression of 
Slavery and Use of Rum, The Wesleys, Royal Colony. 



UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND, 

1643-1684. 

Massachusetts. New Haven. 

Plymouth. Connecticut. 



FIRST UNION OF COLONIES. 



PURPOSE— 

.Protection against Indians, Dutch and betterment of 
trade. 

Massachusetts overbearing, colonies jealous of local 
rights ; came to an end in 1684. 

KING PHILIP'S WAR— 

1675-1676 

Cause : Indian jealousy. 

Fought in New England. Twelve towns destroyed 
by Indians. One thousand Indians killed at South 
Kingston, R. I. 

Result : Indians crushed. 

Colonies show their spirit by refusing to ask 
England for aid, not wishing to be under obliga- 
tions to the home government. 



10 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

THE FIRST THREE INTER-COLONIAL WARS« 



KING WILLIAM'S WAR— 

1689-1697 

Cause: War of Palatinate between England and 
France. 

Events : Indian massacres. Frontenac shatters 
the Iroquois in New York. Hannah Dustin. 

'Result : Treaty of Ryswick. Everything as be- 
fore. 

QUEEN ANN'S WAR— 

1702-1713 

Cause : War of Spanish Succession in Europe. 
Events : Massacre at Deerfield. English capture 

Nova Scotia. 
Result : Treaty of Utrecht. England holds Nova 

Scotia. 

KING GEORGE'S WAR— 

1744 1748 

Cause : Austrian Succession in Europe. 
Events : Capture of Louisburg. 
Result : Treaty of Aix la Chapelle. Louisburg 
given back to France for Madras in India. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 

(See Table, page 11.) 

RESULT— 

Treaty of Paris. France cedes all territory east of 
Mississippi to England, west of Mississippi to 
Spain. Spain cedes Florida to England. 



officers. 
British. 



French. 
Montcalm, Dieskau. 



Wolf, Braddock, Washing- 
ton, Shirley, Johnson. 

The appointment of William Pitt as Prime Minister 
saved North America to the English. Pitt saw that the 
war might be made to decide the possession of North 
America and sent the best men and abundant money to 
the colonies. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



11 



< 

u 



CO 

NO 



ID 



a 
o 



:» NO 
W ^ 



^ ri 






< 
I— I 

Q 

l-H 

Q 
U 

Z 



0^ 

< 



i 




T3 

3 
ft 


T3 

u 

3 

S. 

ca 





■6 

<u 
3 
0. 

ca 



00 


T3 
CO 


ca 

(Ut_ 




T3 

3 


_) 


















o ■« 
O rt 

Da 


(U 

i-1 . 

a au 

M O 

Q 


Q 


0. 


nl 3 
■" 

< 




in 


m u S > 0) 










u 
o 
z 

< 

H 

b: 
o 

0. 

S 


n 
> 

o 

a 

o 
U 


i1 


1) 
> 

J2 3 

H S 
« 




a 
ca 

S 



ca 
-a 
ca 
a 
ca 
U 

u 

a 

u 


Z 

c 

a, 

u 
> 

H 
O 

a 
'm 
O 


a 

m 

3 

a 

3 

Q 


T3 


rt . 

2 

& 



cjH 

f— 1 


v.. 
M 

z 


-2- 
9 3 

ca^ 
ca.!2 

'^ 


cj 

3 

CS 


en 
< 


a 

0) 

B 
(/) — 


1 i -^ 
^< S 

so S M 

i a a a 
W.2 WW 

W.^ OJ 









12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Cause — Fundamental difference between England and the 
Colonies in ideas of government. 

I. Colonial Idea — 

{a) Charters granted by the King, not revocable ex- 
cept b}' the consent of the people. 

{h) Colonies were not, and could not be represented 
in Parliament, therefore. Parliament could not 
legislate for Colonies. 

II. English Idea — 

{a) Charter granted by King could be amended or 

revoked by King or Parliament. 
(U) Every member of Parliament represented every 

part of the British Empire, therefore, the Colonies 

were represented and Parliament could legislate 

for Colonies. 

Parlia?vIent endeavors to enforce its ideas in — 

Writs of Assistance, 1761; Navigation Acts, enforce- 
ment of, 1761-75; Stamp Act, 1765; Townshend 
Acts, 1767; Tax on Tea, 1770; Five Intolerable 
Acts, ,1774, viz: Boston Port Bill, Transportation 
Bill, Massachusetts Bill, Quartering Act, Quebec 
Act. 

Beginning of Organized Action on the part of the 
Colonies — 

I. Albany Congress and Franklin's plan of Union, 
1754. 

II. Stamp Act Congress, 1765; Nine Colonies repre- 
sented, Issued Declaration of Rights, Petition to 
the King and to Parliament. 

III. First Continental Congress, 1774; Twelve Col- 
onies represented, Declaration of Rights ; Ad- 
dresses to King, English people, Canadians, Col- 
onists; Non-importation agreement. 

IV. Committees of correspondence, 1773 — to Revo- 
lution. 

Resistance in the Colonies — 

Boston Massacre; Destruction of Gaspee; Boston 
Tea-party; Gathering of military stores; Battles 
of Lexington and Concord; British besieged in 
Boston. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 18 

Events — 1775 — Second Continental Congress. 

Washington made commander-in-chief. 

Organized Continental Army. 

Issued paper money. 

Bunker Hill; Ticonderoga. 

Disastrous expedition against Canada. 
1776 — Boston evacuated; Colonies ask advice of Congress 
and are advised to establish State Governments. 

Declaration of Independence passed July 4th; No 
British soldiers on United States soil. 

British plan to attack the centre, capture New York 
and Hudson River, dividing New England from 
the rest; Colonies had no navy, would be help- 
less. 

New York Campaign; Washington's retreat across 
Newfjersey; Low spirits of Americans; Capture of 
Trenton; Newport captured by British. . 
1777 — British plan; Howe to move up the Hudson from 
New York; Burgoyne to come down from Canada 
via Ticonderoga to meet Howe; St. Leger from 
Lake Ontario through central New York to meet 
the other two. 

Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga, is hindered in New 
York by Schuyler, loses men at Bennington; St. 
Leger's forces routed and scattered by Arnold's 
stratagem; Howe takes the advice of Charles Lee 
and moves on Philadelphia instead of up the 
Hudson to meet Burgoyne, is out-generaled by 
Washington, tries several times, forces Washing- 
ton' to a battle at Brandywine, defeats him, cap- 
tures Philadelphia but it is too late to turn north to 
help Burgoyne, who is defeated by Arnold and 
Morgan (Gates commajiding but not taking active 
part) at Saratoga, and surrenders Oct. 17, 1777. 
177S — Valley Forge; Conway Cabal; French Alliance; 
Indian attacks, (Wyoming and Cherry Valleys); 
American Retaliation. 
1779 — George Rogers Clark gets control of the North West 

Territory for the United States. 
1780 —Arnold's treason; Lincoln surrenders Charleston; 
Gates defeated at Camden; Green given command 
in south; King's Mountain; Cowpens; Green 
draws Cornwallis out of extreme South through 
North Carolina. 



14 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1781— Guilford Courthouse; Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. 
1783 — Treaty of Peace, Paris. 

Finances in the Revolution — 

Great issue of irredeemable paper money; Gold 
borrowed from France and Holland; Money bor- 
rowed from citizens; Supplies seized and bills of 
credit given; Paper money was never redeemed; 
Bank of North America established. 

Navy weak and poorly equipped. 

John Paul Jones (Bonhomme Richard and Serapis). 

Results — American Independence. 



ARTICLES OF CONSTITUTION. 

Proposed 1777. 
Adopted 1781. 

Weaknesses — 

1. Required unanimous consent of States to amend. 

2. No chief executive. 
, 3. No supreme court. 

4. Each state payed and controlled its represent- 
atives. 

5. Congress could not control commerce. 

6. Congress could not levy and collect taxes. 

Result — States passed commercial restrictions on each 
other; Anarchy and confusion in Massachusetts; 
Foreign states would not carry out their treaties 
with us; General government bankrupt; United 
States rapidly becoming thirteen Independent 
governments. 



ORDINANCE OF 1787. 

Constitutional Convention — 

Met at Philadelphia; Most representative men of 

states there; Three compromises made; Proposed 

to the people and adopted, 1788. 
The Federalist. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 15 

CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD, 1789. 
GEORGE WASHINGTON, Yirgluia. 

17S9 97. 

Vice-President — John Adams. 

First Cabinet — Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; 
Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; Sec- 
retary of War, Henry Knox; Attorney General, 
Edmund Randolph. 

Events — Organization of executive departments; Supreme 
Court; First ten amendments to the constitution 
proposed by Congress and adopted. 

Hamilton's Financial Schemes — 

1. Pay debt in full, foreign and domestic. 

2. Establish a United States bank. 

3. Assume the state's debts. 

4. Revenue tariff (protective). 

5. Lay an excise tax. 

Whiskey Insurrection. 

Cotton gin by Eli Whitne}^, 1794. 

Rise of Political Parties — 

Federalists, led by Hamilton; Principles, broad con- 
struction of constitution, large powers of Congress 
and limited powders of the states. 

Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson; Drin- 
ciples, strict construction, large pov\^ers of the 
state and only those powers expressly stated in 
the constitution allowed Congress. 

Trouble with France, Citizen Genet; Jay's treaty; Wash- 
ington's farewell address. 

States Admitted — Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; 
Tennessee, 1796. 

JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts. 

1797-1801. 

Vice-President — Thomas Jefferson. 

Secretaries of State — Timothy Pickering and John 
Marshall. 



16 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Important Events — Trouble with France, X. Y. Z. affair- 
Feeling against France made Federalists strong, 
tried to crush Democratic-Republicans by Alien and 
Sedition Laws, but provoked a reaction against 
themselves as shown in the Virginia and Kentucky 
Resolutions, and in the next election which went 
Democratic-Republican; Treaty with France; 
Capitol moved to Washington; John Marshall 
made Chief Justice; 11th amendment goes into 
effect. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia, 

1801-1809. 

Vice-Presidents — Aaron Burr; George Clinton. 

Secretary of State — James Madison. 

Important Events — Louisana Purchase, 1803; Lewis and 
Clark expedition; War with the Barbary States, 
1801-1804; Internal improvements; War between 
England and France and their impositions on 
American commerce, viz : English Orders in 
Council and impressment of American seamen; 
French-Berlin and Milan Decrees; Embargo; 
Ohio admitted, 1802; Fulton invented the steam- 
boat. 

Note. — The Democratic-Republican party had come into power as 
strict constructionists, but in purchasing Louisana and laying 
the Embargo they bad far exceeded the Federalists in exercis- 
ing the implied powers of Congress. They are not broad 
construction from principle, however, as yet, but use these 
larger powers of Congress because they consider it expedient 
to do so. 

JAMES MADISOX, Virginia. 

1809-1817. 

Vice-Presidents — George Clinton; Elbridge Gerry. 

Secretaries of State — Robert Smith and James Monroe. 

Important Events — -Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh vs. 
Harrison. 

War of 1812 — 1812-1814— 2>^ Years. 

Causes — 

1. Impressment of American seamen. 

2. Violation of Neutral Rights on the American 

Coast by English ships. 

3. Orders in Council. 

4. Inciting the Indians against the United States. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 17 

Events — Surrender of Detroit, Hull; Invasion of Canada via 
Niagara River, failure; Burning of Toronto, Dear- 
born, 1813; Perry's victory on Lake Erie; Battle 
of the Thames; The Creek War, Georgia and 
Alabama; Chippewa; Lundy's Lane; Fort Erie; 
Plattsburg; United States coast from Maine to 
Florida blockaded by English ships; Capture of 
Washington, 1814; Bombardment of Fort Mc- 
Henry; Hartford convention; Battle of New 
Orleans. (After treaty had been signed). 

Naval Battles — 

The President and Little Belt; Constitution and 
Guerriere; Frolic and Wasp; Chesepeake and 
Shannon. 

Peace ob' Ghent — 

Everything left as before the war. 

The navy had gained great glory for the United 
States, and gave us greater prestige in Europe 
than ever before. The war also freed us from 
all European entanglements. Also produced 
great national enthusiasm. 

War with Algiers, 1815. 

Charter of a National Bank, 1816 — 

The charter of the old National Bank expired in 
1811, and the Democratic-Republican party, true 
to its strict construction principles, refused to re- 
charter it. In 1816, being in debt, the finances 
of the country in a deplorable condition and being 
fired with great enthusiasm for the nation, as a 
whole, on account of the successes of the war, 
(naval successes and New Orleans,) the party 
became broad construction from principle as shown 
by the re-charter of the National Bank, by the 
high protective tariff of 1816, and the bill for 
internal improvements, the last passed by Con- 
• gress but vetoed by Madison. 

JAMES MONROE, Virginia. 

1817-1825. 

"Vice-President — D. D. Tompkins. 
Secretary of State — John Q. Adams. 



18 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Important Events —Political conditions; Democratic- 
Republican part)'^ by adopting broad construction 
principles has absorbed the Federalist party. 
Consequently there is but one political party, 
which now calls itself "Republican"; Monroe's 
administration is hence called, "The Era of Good 
Feeling." Practically, it was not an era of good 
feeling, because the party was divided into 
factions; each' faction having its leader with his 

^ personal following, hostile to every other division. 

Cession of Florida, ^5,000,000; Missouri comprom- 
ise, 1820; Internal Improvement Bill passed by 
Congress, vetoed by Monroe; Erie Canal; Spanish 
American Republics; Monroe doctrine; New issues;, 
National internal improvements; Protective tariff. 

"Scrub race for the Presidency," so called because 
it was a personal contest and not a contest over 
national issues. No election, goes to the House 
of Representatives. John Q. Adams elected. 

JOHN Q. ADAMS, Massachusetts. 

1825 1829. 

Vice-President — John C. Calhoun. 

Secretary of State — Henry Clay. 

Important Events — Adams advocated internal improve- 
ments; Effort for Pan-American Congress; The 
Creeks move from Georgia, west of the Mis- 
sissippi; Anti-Masonic party; Death of Adams and 
Jefferson; Protective Tariff of 1828, called the 
"Tariff of Abominations." 

Political Conditions — 

Internal improvements and protective tariff divide 
the Republican party into two divisions. Jackson 
and VanBuren leading one division, which comes 
to be called the Democratic party; Clay and 
Webster leading the other division which called 
itself at first, "National Republican," and finally 
"Whig." 

ANDREW JACKSON, Tennessee. 

1829-1837. 

Vice-Presidents — John C. Calhoun and Martin VanBuren. 

Secretaries of State — Martin VanBuren, Edward Liv- 
ingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 19 

Important Events — A revolution in politics; Jackson a 
self-made man, a man of the people taking the 
place of the aristocratic leaders and trained poli- 
ticians who had hitherto conducted the affairs of 
the Government. 
"The Spoils-System;" "The Kitchen Cabinet;" Re- 
fusal to charter United States Bank; Removal of 
deposits; Nullification, 1832; Compromise tariff, 
1833; Cherokees removed from Georgia; Black 
Hawk war; Seminole war. 
Period of Great ' Industrial Development — 

Successful application of steam to locomotives; Great 
development of steamboat navigation; Reaper in- 
vented; Use of anthracite coal; Friction matches; 
Gas for lighting purposes; Screw propeller for 
steamboats; Asylums for the blind, insane and 
deaf. 
Period of Great Literary Advancement — 

Whittier, Emerson, Poe, Holmes, Longfellow, 
Hawthorne, Prescott, Bancroft. 
Moral and Social Reforms — 

Temperance movement, John B. Gough; Rise of the 
Abolitionists, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell 
Phillips. 
Financial Panic — 

The removal of deposits; The placing of the United 
States money in the "Pet Banks," causing specu- 
lation, and the distribution to the states of the 
surplus money in the United States treasury, 
causing the states to undertake enterprises which 
they could not pay for, brought. on the panic of 
183Y. 
States Admitted — Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 183*7. 

MARTIN YANBUREN, New York. 

1837-1841. 

Vice-President — Richard M. Johnson. 

Secretary of State — John Forsyth. 

Important Events — Panic of 1837 cripples VanBuren's 
administration; States repudiate debts; Establish- 
ment of the sub-treasury; Trouble with the 
Abolitionists; Murder of Lovejoy; Invention of 
vulcanized rubber by Chas. Goodyear; The election 
of Whig candidates — Harrison and Tyler; Whigs 
advocate no platform except opposition to the 
Democrats. 



20 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON, Ohio. 

1841-1 month. 

Vice-President — John Tjder. 
Secretary of State — Daniel Webster. 

JOHN TYLER, Virginia. 

1841-1845-3 years and 11 months. 

Secretaries of State — -Daniel Webster and four others. 

Important Events — Tyler, the first accidental President, 
elected on Whig ticket, but on principle an anti- 
Jackson Democrat, vetoes a bill to re-establish 
United States Bank; The treaty with England, 
called the Ashburton Treaty, 1842; Four points: 
Settlement of the North-west boundary; Extradi- 
tion between the United States and Canada; Both 
nations agree to join in stopping the slave trade 
with Africa; Webster declares that American 
sailors would be protected by their flag. 
Dorr war; Trouble with the Mormons; Free Soil 
party; Texas annexed, 1845. 

States Admitted — Florida, 1845. 
Inventions — Telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse. 
The use of anaesthetics instituted. 

JAMES K. POLK, Tennessee. 

1845 1849. 

Vice-President — George M. Dallas. 

Secretary of State -James Buchanan. 

Important Events — Polk elected by the Democrats; War 
with Mexico, 1845-1848, cause, dispute over Texan 
boundary. Events : 1. Movement from the 
north under Taylor, successful; Battles of Mont- 
erey and Buena Vista. 2. General Scott against 
the city of Mexico, successful; Capture of Vera 
Cruz; Surrender of the city of Mexico. 3. General 
Kearney against New Mexico and Arizona, suc- 
cessful. 4. Conquest of California, combined 
naval and land expeditions, Fremont, successful. 
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. Terms: Mexico 
gives up California, Utah, Nev/ Mexico, Arizona; 
Rio Grande established as the southern boundary 
of Texas. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. ^ 21'' 

United States pays Mexico $15,000,000. 

The war was forced by the southern element anxious 
for more slave territory, very unpopular in the 
north. 

Re-establishment of the sub-treasury; Acquisition of 
Oregon by the settlement of the north-west 
boundary (49th parallel); Tariff lowered; Gold in 
California; Wilmot proviso; Election of Taylor 
and Fillmore by the Whigg. 

States Admitted — Wisconsin, 1S43; Iowa, 1846. 

Inventions — Sewing machine, Elias Howe. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR, Louisana. 

1849—1 year and four months. 

Vice-President — Millard Fillmore. 
Secretary of State — John M. Clayton. 

Important Events — California applies for admission as a 
free state; Compromise of 1850; Admission of 
California, 1850. 
,^ 
MILLARD FILLMORE, New York. 

1850-1853-2 years and 8 months. 

Secretaries of State — Daniel Webster and Edward 
Everett. 

Important Events — Fugitive slave law; Reduction of 
postage; Department of Interior organized, 1849. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE, New Hampshire. 

1853 1857 

Vice-President — William R. King, 

Secretary of State — William R. Marcy. 

Important Events — Pierce elected by the Democrats; 
World's Fair held at New York; Japan opened to 
American commerce; Uncle Tom's Cabin; Kansas 
and Nebraska bill, (Squatter sovereignty) ; Ameri- 
can party, (Know-nothing party); Gadsden pur- 
chase, $10,000,000; Ostend manifesto; Trouble in 
Kansas over slavery; Republican party organized 
on the platform that slavery should be kept out of 
the territories; Democrats elect Buchanan presi- 
dent. 



22 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

JAMES BUCHANAN, Pennsylraiiia. 

1857 1861. 

Vice-President — J. C. Breckenridge. 

Secretaries of State — Lewis Cass, Jeremiah S. Black. 

Important Events — Dred Scott decision; Tirouble with 
the Mormons; Panic of 1857; Atlantic cable laid, 
1858; John Brown at Harper's Ferry, 1859; Dis- 
. covery of oil in Pennsylvania; Discovery of gold 
and silver in Colorado and Nevada; Election of 
1860 (four parties); Their platforms: — Northern 
Democrats, Squatter sovereignty; Southern Demo- 
crats, all territories must be open to slavery; 
Republican, slavery must be kept out of the 
territories. Constitutional Union party dodged the 
slavery issue; Republicans elected Lincoln; South 
Carolina secedes, followed by Mississippi, Florida, 
Alabama, Georgia, Louisana, Texas; Southern 
Confederacy organized. 

States Admitted — Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kan- 
sas, 1861. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Illinois. 

1861 1865 -4 years and 1 month. 

Vice-Presidents — Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson. 

Secretary of State — William H. Seward. 

Secretary of Treasury — Salmon P. Chase and others. 

Secretary of War — Edwin M. Stanton. 

Secretary of Navy — Gideon Wells. 

Important Events — Civil War, 1861-1865. 

Cause — Secession of the Southern States. War was 
fought to settle questions of States' rights. The 
slavery issue was what brought it about. 

Events — 

1861 — Fort Sumpter, April 16th; Secession com- 
pleted — Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and 
Tennessee; The call for volunteers; Baltimore 
mob; The blockade begun; Battle of Bull-Run; 
Trent affair; Army of the Potomac organized 
under McClellan. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. , 23 

1862 — Union plans. Hold the Potomac and take 
Richmond; Complete the blockade; Open Mis- 
sissippi; Movements in the "v^est; Grant at Forts 
Henry and Donelson; Battle of Shiloh; Capture of 
Island No. 10; Western Tennessee in the hands 
of the North; Monitor and Merrimac; Capture of 
New Orleans (Farragut); The Peninsular cam- 
paign — the army of the Potomac defeated; Lee 
moves north; Second battle of Bull-Run; Lee 
invades the north, met by McClellan at Antietam, 
retreats south; McClellan removed; Army of the 
Potomac under Burnside fights the battle of 
Fredricksburg, north defeated; Murfreesboro, de- 
feat for the South; Eastern Tennessee in the 
hands of the North. 

1863 — Emancipation proclamation. The army of 
the Potomac under Hooker; Battle of Chancellors- 
ville; Lee invades the North; Army of the Potomac 
under Meade meets Lee at Gettysburg — Lee de- 
feated; Vicksburg surrenders to Grant; Battle of 
Chickamauga; Morgan's raid. 

1864 — Atlanta captured; Sherman goes from Atlanta 
to Savannah; Grant at the head of the northern 
armies; movement on Richmond; Early's Raid; 
Battle of the Wilderness; Cold Harbor; Peters- 
burg; Mobile captured; The Alabama destroyed by 
the Kearsarge. 

1865 — Lee surrenders, April 9th; Lincoln assassin- 
ated; Army disbands. 

Results — Union restored, slavery abolished. States' 
Rights question settled. 

ANDREW JOHNSON, Tennessee. 

1865 1869— 3 years and 11 months. 

Secretary of State — Wm. H. Seward. 

Important Events — International ocean telegraph; Pro- 
visional government in the South; Thirteenth 
amendment; Freedmen's Bureau; Reconstruction 
Acts; Impeachment of the President; Department 
of Education; Amnesty proclamation; Fourteenth 
amendment; Alaska purchased, (^7,200,000.) 

States Admitted — Nebraska, 1867. 



■24 UNITED STATES HISTORY. . 

ULYSSES S. GRANT, Illinois. 

1869 1877. 

Vice-Presidents — Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson. 

Secretary of State — Hamilton Fish. 

Important Events — Expatriation; Pacific railroad; Recon- 
struction completed; Fifteenth amendment; 
Ku-Klux Klan; Chicago fire; Alabama claims, 
(^15,500,000); The Liberal Republicans; Panic of 
18Y3; Weather Bureau; Salary grab; Whiskey 
frauds; Resumption Act, passed 1875, to take 
effect in 1879; Centennial Exhibition; Invention of 
the telephone. 

States Admitted — Colorado, 1876. 

Election of Hayes — dispute over election returns, 
commission appointed to decide disputes. 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, Ohio. 

1877-1881. 

Vice-President — Wm. A. Wheeler. 

Secretary of State — Wm. M. Evarts. 

Important Events — Silver Bill of 1878; Railroad strikes; 
Yellow fever epidemic; Resumption of specie 
payment. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD, Ohio. 

1881—6 months and 15 days. 

Vice-President — Chester A. Arthur. 
Secretary of State — James G. Blaine. 
Important Events — Assassination of Garfield. 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR, New York. 

1881 1885. 

Secretary of State — Fredrick T. Frelinghuysen. 

Important Events — The Anti-Polygamy Bill; Civil Ser- 
vice Act; Brooklyn bridge; Standard time; New 
Orleans cotton exposition; Cleveland elected by 
the Democrats. 

GROVER CLEVELAND, New York. 

1885-1889. 

Vice-President — Thomas A. Hendricks. 
..Secretary of State — Thomas F. Bayard. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 25 

Important Events — Presidential Succession Act; The 
Electoral Count Act; Inter-State Commerce Act; 
Chinese exclusion; Anarchist riots in Chicago; 
Charleston earthquake, Mills Bill; Election of 
Harrison by the Republicans. 

BENJAMIN HARRISON, Indiana. 

1889 1893 

Vice-President — Levi P. Morton. 

Secretaries of State — James G. Blaine, John W. Foster. 

Important Events — Opening of Oklahoma; Johnstown 
flood; Pan-American Congress; McKinley Tariff; 
Reciprocity; Anti-Lottery Bill; Inter-State Com- 
merce; Sherman Silver Bill; World's Fair Bill; 
International copyright; Behring Sea fisheries; 
Ballot Reform (Australian ballot system), adopted 
by 37 states by 1892; Columbian exposition; Elec- 
tion of Cleveland. 

States Admitted — North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon- 
tana, Washington, 1889; Idaho, Wyoming, 1890. 

GEOVER CLEVELAND, New York. 

1893-1897. 

Vice-President — Adlai E. Stevenson. 

Secretaries of State — Walter Q. Gresham, Richard 
Olney. 

Important Events — Behring Sea arbitration; Repeal of 
the Sherman Act; Panic of 1893; Revolution in 
Hawaii; Applies for annexation to the United 
States; Wilson Bill; Income Tax, (declared uncon- 
stitutional by the Supreme Court) ; Railroad strikes ; 
Coxey's army; Anti-Lottery Bill; Atlanta Exposi- 
tion; Wm. McKinley elected President; Venezu- 
elan boundary. 

States Admitted — Utah, 1896. 

WILLIAM Mckinley, omo. 

1897-189 . 

Vice-President — Garret A. Hobart. 

Secretaries of State — John 'Sherman, William Day, 

John Hay. 
Important Events — Dingley Tariff Bill; Spanish-American 

War. 



26 ■ UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Cause — -Inability of Spain to establish order in Cuba;. 
Spanish cruelty, (Reconcentrado system.) 

Events — 

President's war message, April 11, 1898. 

Congress authorized President to make war, April 19. 

Blockade of Cuba declared, April 22. 

Dewey destroys Spanish Fleet at Manila, May 1, 

1898. 
Cevera's P'leet shut in the harbor of Santiago de 

Cuba, May 19. 
Oregon arrives at Key West from San Francisco, 

May 24. 
Hobson sinks the Merrimac, June 3, unsuccessful in 

blocking the harbor of Santiago. 
War Revenue Bill, June 13. 
Battle of El Caney, July 1. 
Destruction of Cevera's Fleet,. July 3. 
Surrender of Santiago, July 17. 
Porto Rico invaded, July 25. 
Manilla captured, August 16. 
Treaty signed by Commissioners, December 10,1898. 

"Terms — Spain relinquishes all sovereignty over Cuba; 
Cedes to the United States Porto Rico and other 
Spanish West Indies, also the Philippines. 
United States to pay Spain )g20,000,000. 



POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

1. The reason for the existence of political parties lies 
in human nature. Men are so constituted that they see the 
same thing differently. With the same object in view they 
will seek it by different ways. 

2. Aristocracy vs. Democracy. From earliest times 
wherever this liberty has been allowed, political parties 
have existed. Greece and Rome had political parties, 
usually divided on the question of aristocratic or popular 
government. 

3. In the American Colonies from earliest times two 
parties contended, one favoring aristocratic, and the other 
popular government. Bacon's Rebellion. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 27 

4. Whigs and Tories. About 1700 these parties 
became a reflex of parties in England. The aristocratic 
was called Tory, the popular called Whig. 

The Revolution was the destruction of the Tory party. 

5. Strong vs. Weak Central Government. On the 
question of what sort of government the United States 
should adopt, parties again formed. Some believed in a 
strong central government like England's. Some in strong 
state governments. 

The Articles of Confederation, based on the latter idea, 
proved a failure. In a convention called to amend the 
Articles of Confederation the strong-central-government 
party won and the constitution was drafted. 

6. Federalists and Anti-Federalists. On the ques- 
tion of adoption of the constitution the people divided into 
two parties; Federalists favoring, Anti-Federalists oppos- 
ing. Madison, Jay, Hamilton, Washington and Franklin, 
leaders of Federalists; Henry and Samuel Adams, chief 
leaders of Anti-Federalists. The government set in motion 
by Federalists. 

7. Loose vs. Strict Construction. Human language 
is ambiguous. There is the spirit and there is the letter of 
the law. It would be natural that the new constitution, 
which was a series of compromises, should be differently 
understood by men of opposing view. Article I, Section 
8, and especially paragraph 18, has been the battle ground 
since the constitution was adopted. Anti-strong-central- 
government men interpreted it literally; hence called strict 
constructionists — Anti-Federalists. Strong— central-gov- 
ernment men interpreted it freely, hence called loose-con- 
structionists — Federalists. 

Assumption of state debts. United States Bank, Jay's 
Treaty, attitude toward England and France, were dividing 
questions. 

Wealth, culture and commercial interests were Feder- 
alist, strength in the north and east; Industrial classes 
Anti-Federal, strength in south and west. Federal leaders, 
Hamilton, J. Adams, Jay, Knox; Anti-Federal, Jefferson, 
Madison. 

8. Democratic-Republicans, About 1789 the Anti- 
Federalists, to show their sympathy with the French 
Revolution, called themselves Democratic-Republicans, 
finally Republicans. 

9. Fall of the Federalists. Alien and Sedition 
Laws. Adam's Administration, 1797-1801. Virginia and 
Kentucky resolutions. 



-28 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

10. Republicans in Power. Jefferson president, 1801- 
1809. Violates strict construction principle by purchase 
of Louisiana and Embargo Act. 

11. Madison President. Death of Federal party. 
The Hartford convention (1814). Republicans recharter 
United States Bank, thus adopting Federal principles. 

12. Era of Good Feeling. Monroe president, 1817- 
1824. Republicans favor national roads and canals and 
protective tariff — loose construction principles. 

13. Rise of National Republican and Democratic 
Parties. Republicans divide into two wings — one loose 
construction, led by Clay and J. Q. Adams; the other strict 
construction; two rival leaders, Jackson and Crawford. 
1824 Adams becomes president. His party called National 
Republicans. The Jackson men came to be called Demo- 
crats. So known to-day. 

14. Anti-Masonic Party. 1826 Wm. Morgan case, 
Anti-Masonic spirit develops into a party. Held the first 
national convention 1832. All parties followed. Soon 
died. 

15. Formation of an Abolition Party, opposed to 
slavery, 1833. Name changed to Liberty Party. Made 
presidential nomination in 1839. 

16. Democrats IN Power. Jackson, 1829-1837. Oppose 
United States Bank. Oppose nullification. Specie circu- 
lar. Spoils system. Favor internal improvements. 1835, 
National Republicans change name to Whigs; Clay and 
Webster, leaders. 

17. Van Buren, Democrat, sub-treasury system. 

18. Whig Triumph. Harrison and Tyler, 1841-1845. 
Tyler vetoes United States Bank Bill. 

19. From the time of the war with Mexico to the Civil 
war the slavery question became more and more the 
dividing line in politics. The Wilmot Proviso, 1846, 
aroused the question of slavery. 

20. The Free Soil Party, 1848. Its principle: No 
more slave territory. Came into existence because neither 
Whigs nor Democrats would adopt the Wilmot Proviso; 
joined by the Liberty party. Compromise of 1850 quieted 
for a time the slavery discussion. 

21. Anti-Nebraska Men — Republican party. The 
Kansas and Nebraska Bill repealing the Missouri Com- 
promise awakened the slavery question and destroyed the 
Whig party. Northern Whigs left their party and were 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 29 

called Anti-Nebraska men. Southern Whigs joined the 
Democratic party. By 1856 the Anti-Nebraska men took 
the name of Republicans. 

22. Know-Nothings — American party, 1852. Origin 
of name. Principles: America for Americans; naturaliza- 
tion only after 21 years. Nominated presidential candi- 
date in 1856. 

23. In 1856, Whigs, Democrats, American and Repub- 
lican parties made nominations. All anti-slavery senti- 
ment joined the Republicans. 

24. 1857. The Dred Scott Decision divided the 
Democratic party, and drove the Whig party into the 
Republican. 

25. 1860. Four parties made nominations: 
Northern Democrats — Squatter Sovereignty; strict con- 
struction. 

Southern Democrats — Pro-Slavery; strict construction. 
American — Dodging the slavery question. 
Republicans — No extension of slavery; loose construc- 
tion. 

26. Since 1860 the Democratic and Republican parties 
have been chief opponents. From 1860-1872 the dividing 
questions were the war and reconstruction, then financial 
and the tariff question. 

27. Liberal Republicans. 1870, Republican party in 
Missouri split, part calling themselves Liberals. 'Cause: 
Fear of too much exercise of Federal power in local 
matters. By 1872 a national party had formed, nominat- 
ing Horace Greely for president. Democratic party ratified 
Liberal platform and candidates. 

28. 1876. Independent National party (Greenback). 
Principles: Opposition to specie resumption (1874). 

29. 1880. Independent National party had taken the 
name of Greenback — Labor National. Principles': Gov- 
ernment control of money (anti-national banks), opposition 
to grant of land to railroads, and Chinese immigration. 
Democratic party, strict construction, revenue tariff; 
Republicans, protective tariff. 

30. 1884. Republican, Democratic, National or 
People's (Greenback), and Prohibition parties in the field. 
Woman Suffrage and American Alliance parties also made 
nominations. No distinct issue divided the Democrats 
and Republicans and the campaign was one of personal 
abuse. 



30 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

31. 1888. Nominations made by Democrat, Republican, 
Prohibition, Equal Rights, Union Labor, United Labor 
and American parties. The Greenback party had split. 
Principles not much changed from 1884. 

32. 1892. Chief parties: Democrat, Republican, Pro- 
hibition and People's parties. 

33. The opening of the mints to the free and unlimited 
coinage of silver at the ratio of one ounce of gold to sixteen 
of silver was the issue. Old party lines were broken. 
Republicans opposed silver and were aided in the election 
by "Gold Democrats." The Democratic and Populist 
parties united and favored silver, and were reinforced by 
"Silver Republicans." Several Union parties made 
nominations. The Republican ticket was elected. 

Authorities: "American Politics" — Alexander Johnston — Henry Holt & Co., 
New York. "History of Presidential Elections"— ^^roarrf 5/a«OToorf— Houghton, 
Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York. 



OUTLINE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Introduction into Virginia — 1619. 

Slavery in the Colonies — Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, 
Virginia, South Carolina. 
Colonial Anti-Slavery Societies. 
Slave trade. 

First Continental Congress — 17'74, agreed not to import 
slaves. 

Declaration of Independence — Jefferson had accused 
England of not allowing us to stop the importa- 
tion of slaves. Clause stricken out because the 
Southern Colonies were desirous of continuing 
the importation. 
Continental Congress (17*77), movement to do away 

with slavery. 
Northern States emancipate slaves (1780-1804). 

Effect of the Revolutionary War — Slavery becoming 
unpopular on account of the Revolutionary dis- 
cussion of "the rights of man." 
Virginia, Maryland and Deleware prohibit importa- 
tion of slaves. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 31 

The Ordinance of 1787 — result of these same discus- 
sions. 

Compromises of the Constitution in regard to 
representation, direct taxes and the importation of 
slaves. 

Provision in the Constitution for the return of 
fugitive slaves. 

Fugitive slave laws passed by Congress, 1793. 

Missouri Compromise, 1820. 

Rise of the Abolitionists, 1831 — Garrison, Phillips, 
Whittier. ■ - 

"Gag Resolutions," 1836-1844. 

Nat Turner Insurrection. 

Annexation of Texas, 1845. 

Mexican War, 1846-1848. 

Wilmot Proviso, 1846. 

Free Soil party, 1848. 

Compromise of 1850. 

Squatter Sovereignty — Repeal of the Missouri Com- 
promise, 1854. 

Formation of the Republican party, 1856. 

Dred Scott Decision, 1857. 

Extension of slavery becomes a party issue. 

Election of Lincoln, 1860. 

Secession, 1860-1861. 

Emancipation proclamation, 1863, 

Thirteenth Amendment, 1865. 



STATES' RIGHTS AND SECESSION. 

Movements, North and South, against the Power of 
THE General Government — 

1. Whiskey Rebellion — Western Pennsylvania. Threats 
of secession — United States laws disregarded for three 
years, 1791-1794. 

2. Kentucky and Tennessee threaten secession if the 
United States does not gain control of the mouth of the 
Mississippi. 

3. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written by Madi- 
son and Jefferson, and adopted by the legislatures of the 
above named states, suggest "nullification." 



32 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

4. Timothy Pickering, a leading New England Feder- 
alist, suggests that New England withdraw from the 
Union in 1803^, on account of the purchase of Louisana. 

5. New England openly talks nullification and secession 
during the Embargo, 1807. 

6. In a speech in the House of Representatives, Josiah 
Quincey of Massachusetts said (1811) that if Louisana 
were admitted as a state that it would be the right and 
duty of some of the states (meaning New England) "to 
prepare definitely for a separation — amicably if they can, 
violently if they must." 

7. In the War of 1812 the New England States refuse 
the United States the aid of their state militia. Threaten 
secession. 

8. Hartford Convention, 1814. Strongly States' Rights. 
Propose amendments to the constitution, implying seces- 
sion if they are not adopted. 

9. Missouri Compromise, 1820, South threaten seces- 
sion. 

10. Nullification, 1828-1832. Threats of secession. 

11. 1843. John Q. Adams says that the annexation of 
Texas would result in and justify disunion. The South 
says; "Texas or disunion." 

12. Secession of Southern states, 1860-1861. 

Note. —It is evident that up to the Civil War it was the custom of different 
sections of the country to interpret the Constitution according to their 
local interests. 



PROMINENT DATES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1001 Leif Ericson discovered Vinland. 

1492 Columbus discovered West Indies, Oct. 12. 

1497 Cabots discover the coast of North America. 

1498 Columbus discovered continent of South America; 

3rd voyage. 
1513 DeBalboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 

1519-21 Cortez conquers Mexico. 
1584 Cartier visits Canada. 

1541 DeSoto discovered the Mississippi River. 

1565 St. Augustine founded by Menendez. 

1607 Jamestown founded. 

1609 Hudson River discovered. 

1620 Landing of the Pilgrims. 

1636 Roger Williams settled in Rhode Island. 

1643 Union of New England Colonies. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 33 

1689-9'7 King William's War. 

1754-63 French and Indian War. 

1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act. 

1767 Parliament taxed tea, glass, lead, etc. 

1774 First Continental Congress met in Phila., Sept, 5. 

1775 Second Continental Congress met inPhila., May 10. 

1776 Declaration of Independence was adopted, July 4. 
1778 Treaty with France. 

1783 Treaty of Paris. 

1787 Adoption of the Constitution, by Convention. 

Ordinance of 1787. 

1789 Washington inaugurated, April 30. 

1795 Jay's Treaty. 

1803 Louisana purchased. 

1812 War declared against Great Britain, June 19. 

1814 Hartford Convention. 

1819' Florida purchased. 

1820 Missouri compromise passed, March 3. 

1823 Monroe Doctrine announced. 

1832 Nullification in South Carolina. 

1837 Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. 

1845 Texas annexed. 

1850 Omnibus Bill. 

1857 Dred Scott decision. 

1860 South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. 

1861-65 Civil War. 

1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued. 

1867 Reconstruction. 

1883 Civil Service Act. 

1898-99 Spanish-American War. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



KINDS OF GOVERNMENT. 

Patriarchal. Theocratic. 

Monarchy — 
Absolute; Limited; Hereditary; Elective. 

Aristocracy. Democracy — 

Pure Democracy; Republic. 



NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

Constitution Ratified July 26, 1788. 
Departments — Executive; Legislative; Judicial. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

President. 

Term — Four years. 

Eligibility — Native-born citizen; Thirty-five years of age; 
Fourteen years a resident of the United States. 

How Elected — Electors; House of Representatives. 

Oath. Impeachment. 

Salary — ^50,000. 

Powers and Duties — 

Military: [a) Army and Navy; (i) Militia. 
Civil: (a) Cabinet; (<^) Reprieves; Pardons; (c) 
Treaties; (d) Appointments; (<?) Messages; (/) 
Legislative; [g) Convene or adjourn Congress; 
(/z) Receive foreign ministers; (z) Execute the 
laws; (y) Commission U. S. officers. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 35 

Yice- President. 

Term — Four years. 

Eligibility — Native-born citizen; Thirty-five years of age; 

Fourteen years a resident of the United States. 
How Elected — Electors; Senate. 
Oath. Impeachment. 
Salary— ;^8, 000. 
Powers and Duties — President of Senate; President of 

United States. 

Cabinet. 

Composed of — Secretary of State; Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; Secretary of War; Secretary of the Navy; 
Secretary of the Interior; Postmaster-General; 
Attorney-General; Secretary of Agriculture. 

Salary of Each — ^8,000 per annum. 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Vested in Congress. 

Composed of — Senate and House of Representatives. 
Meets — First Monday in December each year. 

Senate. 

Composed of — Two members from each State. 
Eligibility — Thirty years of age; Citizen of the United 

States nine years; Inhabitant of State. 
Term — Begins March 4; Lasts six years. 
Elected — By Legislatures of the several States. 
Vacancies Filled — By Governor; Legislatures. 
Powers and Duties — 

Legislative : With House. 

Elective : {a) Officers; {b') Vice-President; Try 

impeachments; Executive. 
Salary — ^5,000 per annum; Mileage, twenty cents per 

mile each way; $125 for stationery. 
Senators from Michigan — James McMillan, 1901; Julius 

C. Burrows, 1905. 

House of Representatives. 

Composed of — Three hundred and fifty-seven members 



36 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Eligibility — Twenty-five years of age; Citizen of the 
United States seven years; Inhabitant of State. 

Apportioned — One for every 151,912 persons; Each State 
one. 

TeRiM — Begins March 4; Lasts two years. 

Elected — By the people; First Tuesday after the first 

Monday in November. 
Vacancies Filled — By special election. 
Powers and Duties — 

Legislative: {a) With Senate; (b) Revenue; Im- 
peachment. 
Elective: {a) Officers; [h) President. 
Salary — Same as in Senate. 

Expressed Power of Congress. 

Financial — Raising money: (a) Taxes; {b\ Duties; (<r) 
Imports; {d) Excises; (<?) Borrow. 

PuRPOSES^(«) Payment of United States debts; {b) Com- 
mon defence; {c) General welfare. 

Regulate Commerce — Foreign nations; Among States; 
Indians. 

Naturalization and Bankruptcy — 

Commercial — 

Cpin money. 

Regulate Value: (a) Domestic; {b) Foreign. 
Fix standard of weights and measures. 
Criminal — 

To define and punish: (a) Piracies; {b') Felonies 

on high seas; (^) International offenses. 
To provide for punishment of counterfeiting: U. S. 
securities; U. S. coin. 
Establish Postoffices and Post Roads. 
Grant — Copyrights; Patents. 
Establish Inferior Courts. 
Relative to War — 

Declaration; Letters of marque and reprisal; Rules 
of capture; Raise and support armies; Provide 
and maintain navy; Make rules for army and 
~ na,vy. 

Call out militia: {a) To execute laws; (^) Sup- 
press insurrections; (<:) Repel invasions. 
Control Militia: (a) Organize; (<5) Arm; (c) Dis- 
cipline; i^d) Govern — when in U. S. service. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



37 



Exclusive Legislation Over — District of Columbia; 
Forts, magazines; etc. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Vested In — One supreme court; inferior courts. 



JUDICIARY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Supreme Court. 



Name. 


Appointed From. 


Chief Justice Melvin W. Fuller 


Illinois, 1888. 




Kentucky, 1877. 
Massachusets, 1881 






Kansas, 1889. 




Michigan, 1890. 
Pennsylvania, 1893. 
Louisiana, 1894. 


Justice George Shiras, Jr 


Justice Edward D. White 


Justice Rufus W. Peckham 


New York, 1895. 


Justice Joseph McKerma 


California, 1897. 







Circuit Courts. 



Circuit. 



States. 



Judges. 



Appointed 
From. 



First.. . 

Second 

Third . . 
Fourth 
Fifth .. 
Sixth . . 

Seventh 

Eighth.. 
Ninth . . 



Me., Mass., N. H., R. I 

Vt., Conn., N. Y 

N. J., Penn., Del 

Md., W. Va., Va., N. C, S. C 

Ga., Fla., Ala., Miss., La., Tex. ... 
Mich., O., Ky., Tenn 

Ind., 111., Wis 

Min., la., Mo., Ark., Neb., Col. 
Kan.. N. Dak., S. Dak., Wy., Utah 
N. Mex., Oka 

Cal., Ore., Nev., Mont.,Wash., Ida. 
Ariz., and Alaska 



Le Baron B. Colt . . 

William L. Putman. 

E. Henry Lacombe. 

William J. Wallace. 

Nathaniel Shipman 
I Marcus W. Acheson 
I George M. Dallas.. 

j Nathan Goff 

I C. H. Simonton.... 

J Don A. Pardee 

1 A. P. McCormick... 
\ William H.Taft... . 
\ Horace H. Lurton. . 

i W. A. Woods 

•< James G. Jenkins . . . 
( John W. Showalter. 

Henry C. Caldwell. 

\Valter H. Sanborn. 

Amos M. Thayer... 

William B. Gilbert. 

Erskine M. Ross 



R. I. 

Me. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 

Conn. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

W. Va. 

S. C. 

La. 

Tex. 

Ohio. 

Tenn. 

Ind. 

Wis. 

111. 

Ark. 

Minn. 

Mo. 

Ore. 

Cal. 



Court of Claims. 



Chief Justice Charles C. Nott 

Judge Lawrence Weldon , 

Judge John Davis 

Judge Stanton J. Peele 

Judge Charles B. Howry 



Appointed From. 



New York. 

Illinois. 

Dist. of Columbia. 

Indiana. 

Mississippi. 



38 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Judges — 

Appointed by President and Senate; Tenure of 

office during good behavior. 
Salaries: {a) Chief justice, ^10,500; (/;) Associate 
Justices, $10,000; (^) Circuit Judges, $6,000; (^) 
Judges of Court of Claims, $4,500; (^) District 
Judges, $3,500— $5,000. 
Jurisdiction — Original; Appellate. 

PROHIBITIONS OF CONGRESS. 

Writ of Habeas Corpus — Rebellion; Invasion. 
Commercial — Export duties; Preference of ports. 
Financial — Paying money without appropriation. 

Receiving from foreign power: («) Present; {b') 
Emolument; (^) Office; (d') Title. 
Criminal — Bill of attainder; Ex-post facto law. 

ON STATES. 

Commercial — Import duties; Export duties; Tonnage 

duties; Law impairing contracts. 
Criminal— Bill of attainder; Ex-post facto law. 
Money — Coin; Bills of credit; Legal tender. 
War — Letters 'of marque and reprisal; Troops of war ves- 
sels; Engage in war. 
Nobility — 

Amendments — First: Liberty of speech; Of press; Of re- 
ligion; Of right to petition. 

Second: Right to keep and bear arms. 

Third: Quartering soldiers. 

Fourth: Search warrants. 

Fifth and Sixth: Rights in criminal cases. 

Seventh: Jury trial where controversy exceeds 
twenty dollars. 

Eighth: Excessive bail; Fines; Punishment. 

Ninth: Rights retained by people. 

Tenth: Powers reserved to states or people. 

Eleventh: Judicial jurisdiction. 

Twelfth: Election of President and Vice-President. 

Thirteenth: Slavery; Involuntary servitude. 

Fourteenth: Civil Rights; Representatives: Disa- 
bilities; Debt. 

Fifteenth: Suffrage 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



89 



Census of the United. States— First, 1*790, 3,929,328 
Second, 1800, 5,305,925; Third, 1810, 7,239,814 
Fourth, 1820, 9,638,131; Fifth, 1830, 12,866,026 
Sixth, 1840, 17,069,453; Seventh, 1850, 23,191,876 
Eighth, 1860, 31,443,221; Ninth, 1870, 38,558,371 
Tenth, 1880, 50,152,866; Eleventh, 1890, 62,831, 
900. 



TIME FOE HOLDING STATE AND TERRITORIAL ELECTIONS. 



States and Territories. 



Salary 

of 

Governor 



Time of General Election. 



Alabama 

Alaska Territory 

Arizona Territory 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Indian Territory 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico Territory 

New York , 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio , 

Oklahoma Territory. .. 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina. . .; 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin , 

Wyoming 



$3,000 
3,000 
2,600 
3,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4,000 
2,000 
3,500 
3,000 
3,000 
6,000 
5,000 
3,000 
1,500 
3,000 
6,500 
4,000 
2,000 
4,500 
8,000 
4,000 
5,000 
3,500 
"5,000 
5,000 
2,500 
4,000 
2,000 
10,000 
2,600 
10,000 
3,000 
3,000 
8,000 
2,600 
1,500 
10,000 
3,000 
3,500 
2,500 
4,000 
4,000 
2,000 
1,500 
5,000 
4,000 
2,700 
5,000 
2,500 



First Monday in August. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



First Wednesday in October. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



First Monday in August. 
Tuesday after third Monday in April. 
Second Monday in September. 
Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



First Monday in June, 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Wednesday in April. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November, 



First Monday in August. 

First Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



40 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Diplomatic Ministers — To France, German Empire, Great 
Britain, Russia, Mexico, salary, $17,500; to Aus- 
tria, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, Spain, salary 
$12,000; Belgium, Chili, Peru, Central American 
States, Turkey, salary $10,000; Argentine Repub- 
lic, Hawaiian Islands, Norway and Sweden, Neth- 
erlands, Venezuela, Korea, Switzerland, Ber- 
muda, Paraguay and Uraguay, Portugal, salary 
$7,500; Bolivia, Hayti, Liberia, Ecuador, Egypt, 
Persia and Siam, salary $5,000. 

Pay of the Army and Navy of the United States. 



ARMY. 



NAVY, 



General 813,500 

Lieutenant-General 11,000 

Major-General 7,.500 

Brigadier-General 5,500 

Colonel 4,500 

Lieutenant-Colonel 4,000 

Major 8,500 

Captain (mounted) . .. 2,000 

Captain (not mounted) 1,800 

Regimental Adjutant 1,800 

Regimental Quartermaster 1,800 

First Lieutenant (mounted) 1,600 

First Lieutenant (not mounted)... 1,500 

Second Lieutenant (mounted) 1,500 

Second Lieutenant (not mounted). 1,400 

Chaplain 1,500 



Admiral 913,000 

Vice-Admiral 9,000 

Rear-Admiral 6,000 

Commodore 5,000 

Captain 4.500 

Commander 3,500 

Lieutenant-Commander 2,800 

Lieutenant 2,400 

Master 1,800 

Ensign '. : 1,200 

Chaplain 2,500 

Surgeon 2,800 

Paymaster 2,800 

Assistant-Surgeon 1,7(X) 

Midshipman 1,000 

Gunners 1,200 



The Electoral Vote. 



States. 


Votes. 


States. 


Votes 


States. 


Votes. 




n 

8 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
13 
24 
15 
13 
10 
13 
8 
6 


Massachusetts .. . 

Maryland 

Michigan 

Mississippi 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

New Hampshire. . 
Nebraska 


15 
8 

14 
9 

IT 

3 

4 

8 

3 

10 

36 

11 

3 

23 


Oregon 


4 




Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina.. . 
Tennessee 


32 




4 




9 


Connecticut 


12 
15 




Utah 


3 




Vermont 


4 




Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


12 




4 


Iowa 


New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina.. . 
North Dakota... 
Ohio 


6 
12 




3 


Louisiana 


Total 


447 











Annual Salaries — Emperor of Russia, $8,250,000; Sul- 
tan of Turkey, $6,000,000; Emperor of Austria, 
$4,000,000; Emperor of Germany, $8,000,000; 
Queen Victoria (G. B.), $-2,200,0C(:. President oi 
the United States, $50,000. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 41 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MICHIGAN. 



DEPARTMENTS. 

Executive — Governor; Assistants. 

Legislative — Senate, 32; House of Representatives, 100. 

Judicial — Supreme court; Inferior courts. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

GoTemor. 

Eligibility — Age, 30 years; Citizen of the United States 
five years; of State, two years. 

Salary— $4,000. 

Assistant State Officers. 

Elective — Secretary of State, salary $800; State Treas- 
urer, salary $1,000; Auditor-General, salary 
$3,000; Commissioner of Land Office, salary, 
$800; Attorney-General, salary $800; Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, salary $1,000. 

State Boards. 

Elective — Regents, Eight members; term, 8 years. 
Education: Three members; term, 6 years. 

Ex-Officio — Auditors: Secretary of State, State Treas- 
urer, Commissioner of Land Office. 

Equalization: Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of 
State, Auditor-General, State Treasurer, Commis- 
sioner of Land Office. 

Canvassers: Secretary of State, State Treasurer, 
Commissioner of Land Office. 



42 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT- 
Circuit Judges. 




18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 



Guy M. Chester . 

Orville W. Coolidge 

Joseph W. Donovan 

Robert E. Frazier 

Morse Rohnert 

Wm. L. Carpenter 

Geo. S. Hosmer 

Byron S. Waite 

Erastus Peck 

Clement Smith 

Geo. W. Smith 

Chas. H. Wisner 

Frank D. M. Davis 

John W. Adams 

Byron A. Snow 

Emmet L. Beach 

Joseph H. Steere 

Albert T. Streeter 

Frederick W. Mayne. ... 

Frederick J. Russell 

Geo. L. Yaple 

James G. Tucker 

Alfred Wolcott 

Willis B. Perkins 

Theodore F. Shepherd. 

James B. McMahon 

Philip Padgham '.. 

Peter F. Dodds 

Edward D. Kinne 

Maine J. Connine.. . .. . 

Watson Brach 

John W. Stone 

Frank Emerick 

Lewis G. Palmer 

Clyde C. Chitenden 

George P. Stone 

Howard Wiest 

Samuel W. Vance 

Obrien J. Atkinson 

Norman W. Haire 

Frank Shepherd 

Nelson Sharpe 

Stearns F. Smith 

John R. Carr 



Hillsdale. 
Niles. 
Detroit. 
Detroit. 
Detroit. 
Detroit. 
Detroit. 
Detroit. 
Jackson. 
Hastings. 
Pontiac. 
Flint. 
Ionia. 

Kalamazoo. 
Saginaw. 
Saginaw. 
Sault Ste. Marie. 
Calumet. 
Charlevoix. 
Hart 
Mendon. 
Mt- Clemens. 
Grand Rapids. 
Grand Rapids. 
Bay City. 
Ludington. 
( Allegan 
Mt. Pleasant. 
Ann Arbor. 
Oscoda. 
Lexington. 
Marquette. 
Alpena. 
Big Rapids. 
Cadillac. 
Ithaca. 
Williamston. 
Port Huron. 
Port Huron. 
Ironwood. 
Cheboygan. 
West Branch. 
Owosso. 
Cassopolis. 



OTHER STATE OFFICERS AND CLERKS. 



Executive Office — Private Secretary, $1,800; Executive 
Clerk, $1,500. 

Department of State — Deputy Secretary of State, $2,000; 
Chief Clerk, $1,200; Executive Clerk, |1,100; 
Clerks in charge statistics, $1,100. 

Treasury Department — Deputy State Treasurer, $2,000; 
Cashier, $1,500; Chief Clerk, $1,200; Bookkeeper, 
$1,200. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 43 

Auditor General's DepartiMent — Deputy Auditor Gen- 
eral, $2,000; State Accountant, |2,000; Private 
Secretary, $1,600; Chief Bookkeeper, $1,200; 
Chief Clerk, $1,200; Assistant Chief Clerk, $1,100. 

State Land Office — Deputy Land Commissioner, $2,000; 
Chief Clerk, $1,200; Bookkeeper, $1,200; 
Draughtsman, $1,200. 

Department Public Instruction — Deputy Superintend- 
ent, $2,000; Chief Clerk, $1,000. 

Office Attorney General — Deputy Attorney General, 
^2,000. 

Insurance Department — Deputy Commissioner, $1,500; 
Chief Clerk, $1,200. 

Commissioner of Railroads— Deputy, $1,500; Mechanical 
Engineer, $1,500. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics — Deputy Commissioner, 
$1,500; Chief Clerk, $1,200. 

Banking Department — Deputy Commissioner, $2,000; 
Chief Clerk and Examiner, $1,500. 

Board of State Auditors— Secretary, $1,600; Engineer 
and Superintendent, $1,600. 

State Library — Assistant Librarian, $900 

Dairy and Food Commissioner — Deputy Commissioner, 
$1,000; State Analyst, $1,200. 

LEtHSLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Senate. 

How Composed— One from each district. 

Eligibility— Citizen of the United States; Qualified elect- 
or; Inhabitant of county or district. 

Number of Members — Thirty-two. 

By Whom Elected — The people. 

When Elected— Tuesday following first Monday in No- 
vember of every even year. 

Salary — Three dollars per day during regular session and 
for first twenty days of extra session, and nothing 
thereafter; also ten cents mileage each way, and 
$5 for stationery. 

Quorum— Majority of members, but a lesser number may 
adjourn from day to day, and compel the attend- 
ance of absent members. 



44 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Senate Powers — Legislative — with House; Judicial — im- 
peachment; Elective— Senate officers; Executive. 

House of Representatives. 

How Composed — One from each legislative district. 

Eligibility — Citizen of the United States; Qualified elect- 
or; Inhabitant of district. 

Number of Members — One hundred. 

By Whom Elected — The people. 

When Elected — X^esday following first Monday in No- 
vember of every even year. 

Salary — Same as in Senate. 

Quorum — Same as in Senate. 

House Powers — Legislative — with Senate; Inquisitorial — 
impeachment; Elective — House officers. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Supreme Court. 

Chief Justice — Claudius B. Grant, Marquette, term ex- 
pires December 31, 1899. 

Associate Justices — Robert M. Montgomery, Grand 
Rapids, term expires December 31, 1901; Frank 
A. Hooker, Charlotte, term expires December 31, 
1903; Joseph B. Moore, Lapeer, term expires 
Dec. 31, 1905; Charles D. Long, Flint, term ex- 
pires December 31, 1907. 
Salary of Justices, $7,000. 

Clerk — Charles C. Hopkins, Lansing, salary $300 and 
fees. 

Reporter — John A. Brooks, Lansing, salary ;^1,500. 

Crier— MoSes R. Taylor, Lansing, salary, $2 per diem. 

Terms — Four annually, commencing on first Tuesday after 
first Monday in January, April, June and October. 

County. 

Executive — Sheriff, fees; Clerk, salary and fees; Treas- 
urer, salary and fees; Register of Deeds, fees; 
Prosecuting Attorney, salary; Surveyor, $4 per 
day and fees; Coroners (2), fees; School Com- 
missioner, salary; School Examiners (2) $4 per 
day; Superintendents of Poor (3), salary fixed by 
Board of Supervisors. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



45 



Judicial — Judges of Circuit Court. 
Term — 6 years from January 1. 

Township. 

Executive — Supervisor, $2 per day and fees; Clerk, $1.50 
per day and fees; Treasurer, fees; School In- 
spectors (2) |1.50 per day; Highway Commis- 
sioner, $1.50 per day; Drain Commissioner, $1.50 
per day; Overseers of Highway, $1 per day; Con- 
stables, (4) fees; Fence Viewers, $1 per day. 

Judicial — Justices of Peace, $1.50 per diem and fees. 

Legislative — Township meeting. 

Elections — March, Dates variously fixed in different vill- 
ages; April, first Monday each year; November, 
first Tuesday after first Monday. 



Elections. 



Officers. 



Term of 
Office. 



March 

\ 

April -i 

I 
f 

November -j 

I 



Village ofScers , 

Judges of Supreme Court 
Judges of Circuit Court... 
Township and city officers 

Justices of the peace 

Drain Commissioners 

State executive officers. .. . 

State Legislature 

County officers 

Probate Judge 



One year. 
Ten years. 
Six years. 
One year. 
Four years. 
Two years. 
Two years. 
Two years. 
Two years. 
Four years. 



Congressional Districts of Michigan — 

First District: Wards 1 to 11, and 13 and 15, City 
of Detroit. 

Second District: Counties of Jackson — Lenawee — 
Monroe, Washtenaw and Townships of Browns- 
town, Canton, Ecorse, Huron, Monguagon, Ply- 
mouth, Romalus, Sumpter, Taylor, Van Buren 
and Wyandotte City of Wayne County. 

Third District: Couaties of Branch, Calhoun, 
Eaton, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo. 

Fourth District: Counties of Allegan, Barry,Ber 
rien, Cass, St. Joseph, Van Buren. 

Fifth District: Counties of Ionia, Kent, Ottawa. 

Sixth District: Counties of Genesee, Ingham, 
Livingston, Oakland, and Townships of Dearborn, 
Greenfield, Livonia, Nankin, Redford, Spring- 
wells of Wayne County, also 12th, 14th and 16th 
Wards of Detroit. 



46 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

Seventh District: Counties of Huron, Lapeer, 
Macomb, Sanilac, St. Clair, and Townships of 
Grosse Point, and Hamtramck of Wayne County. 

Eighth District: Counties of Clinton, Saginaw, 
Shiawassee, Tuscola. 

Ninth District: Counties of Benzie, Lake, Lee- 
lanau, Manistee, Mason, Muskegon, Newaygo, 
Oceana, Wexford. 

Tenth District: Counties of Alcona, Alpena, Arenac 
Bay, Cheboygan, Crawford, Emmet, Gladwin, 
Iosco, Midland, Montmorency, Ogemaw, Oscoda, 
Otsego, Presque Isle. 

Eleventh District: Counties of Antrim, Charlevoix, 
Clare, Grand Traverse, Gratiot, Isabella, Kal- 
kaska, Mecosta, Missaukee, Montcalm, Osceola, 
Roscommon. 

Twelfth District: Alger, Baraga, Chippewa, Delta, 
Dickinson, Gogebic, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, 
Luce, Mackinac, Marquette, Menominee, Onton- 
agon, Schoolcraft. 

Governors of Michigan. 

Territorial — William Hull, 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; 
George B. Porter, 1832; Stevens T. Mason, 1834; 
John S. Horner, 1835; Stevens T. Mason, 1835. 

State — Stevens T. Mason, 1837-40; William Woodbridge, 
1840-41; J. Wright Gordon (acting,) 1841-42; 
John S. Barry, 1842-46; Alpheus Felch, 1846-4'7; 
William S. Greenly (acting,) 1847-48; Epaphro- 
ditus Ransom, 1848-50; John S. Barry, 1850-52; 
Robert McClelland, 1852-53, Andrew Parsons, 
(acting,) 1853-55; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855-59; 
Moses Wisner, 1859-61; Austin Blair, 1861-65; 
Henry H. Crapo, 1865-69; Henry P. Baldwin, 
1869-73; John J. Bagley, 1873-77; Charles M. 
Crosswell, 1877-81; David H. Jerome, 1881-83; 
Josiah W. Begole, 1883-1885; Russell A. Alger, 
1885-87; Cyrus G. Luce, 1887-1891; Edwin B. 
Winans, 1891-1893; John T. Rich, 1893-1897; 
Hazen S. Pingree, 1897. 



GRAMMAR. 



Parts of Speech — Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, 
Verbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections, 

Nouns. 

Common — Abstract; Concrete. 
Proper. 
Collective. 

Properties — Number; Singular; Plural. 
Formation of plural. 

1. s or es added to singular. 2. en added to 
singular. 3. Internal change. 4. Irregular 
ways; f to v and es added; es after o preceded by 
a consonant; y preceded by a consonant changed 
to i and es added; figures, letters, etc. have 's 
added. 5. Foreign plurals. 6. Plurals of 
compounds and groups of words. 
Gender — Masculine; Feminine; Neuter. 

Gender indicated by: 1. Termination. 2. Dif- 
ferent words. 3. Composition (man-servant). 
Case — Nominative; Possessive; Objective. 

Rules for forming the possessive of: 1. Singu- 
lar. 2. Plurals. 3. Compounds. 
Declension. 

Person— First; Second; Third. . (Person is not 
recognized by many grammarians). 
Parsing the Noun. 

Uses of the Noun. 

1. Subject of a verb. 8. Possessive modifier. 

2. Direct object. 9. In apposition. 

3. Indirect object. 10. Objective adverbial. 

4. Objectivecomplement.il. Independent by address. 

5. Attribute complement. 12. Independent by pleonasm. 

6. Object of preposition. 13. Independent in absolute 

7. Subject of an infinitive. phrase. 



48 GRAMMAR. 

Pronouns. 

Classification — Personal, relative, interrogative, indefi- 
nite, demonstrative. 

Personal Pronouns — I, thou, you, he, she, it. 

Compound Personal Pronouns — Mine, thine, his, hers, 
ours, yours, theirs. 

Properties — Person, number, gender, case. 

Relatives — Who, which, vi^hat (and their compounds). 
That, as, but. 

Antecedent — What, and the compounds of v^hat, who 
and which usually have no antecedent expressed. 
In such cases they are called by some grammarians, 
conjunctive pronouns, used simply to introduce 
clauses. 
Interrogatives — Who, which, what. 
Demonstratives — This, these, that, those. 
Indefinites — 

Distributives — Each, either, neither. 
Numerals and Quantitatives — Few, all, etc. 
Comparatives — Such, other. 
Reciprocals — Each other, one another. 
Parsing of Pronouns. 

Adjectiyes. 

Classification. 

Qualifying — Proper. 

Articles — Definite, indefinite. 

Numerals — Cardinal, ordinal, fractional, multiplicatives. 

Pronominal — Demonstratives, interrogatives, relatives, 

Indefinites: Distributives, quantitives, compara- 
tives. 
Comparison. 

Degrees — Positive, comparative, superlative. 
Methods of Comparison — 

1. Suffixes — er, est. 

2. Use of adverbs, more, most. 

3. Irregular compg,rison — good, better, best. 
Uses of Adjectives — 

Attributive— "A beautiful day." 

Appositional — "A day, beautiful and bright, has 

ended." 
Predicative — "The day is beautiful." 



GRAMMAR. 49 

Adverbial predicate — "He stood obstinate." 
Factitive (objective complement) "They painted the 

house white." 
Substantive — "The brave never die." 

Verbs. 



Classifications — 






Weak (Regular.) 


Transitive. 




Strong (Irregular.) 


Intransitive. 




Principal. 
Auxiliary. 


Complete. 
Defective. 




Impersonal. 
Copula. 






Principial Parts — Present 


ten'se, past tense, 


perfect 


participle. 







Properties — 

Voice — Active, passive. 

Mode — Indicative, subjunctive, imperative (some 

grammarians recognize the potential.) 
Tense— Present, past, future, present perfect, 

past perfect, future perfect. 
Person — First, second, third. 
Number — Singular, plural. 
Form - Common, progressive. 

Conjugation. 

Synopsis — 

There is a growing tendency among grammarians to 
restrict the term inflection to changes which the 
verb itself undergoes to indicate person, time, 
number and mode. The conjugation of a verb 
would be confined to changes made in the verb 
itself and would not include mode, tenses, etc., 
formed by verb phrases. 

Verb Phrases and Illustrations — 

Progressive verb phrases: — Am biting. 
Passive verb phrases: — Have been bitten. 
Future verb phrases: — Shall or will bite. 
Emphatic verb phrases: — I do bite. 
Conditional verb phrases: — I should bite. 
Perfect tense verb phrases: — I have bitten. 
Potential verb phrases: — I may bite. 
Obligative verb phrases: — I must bite. 



50 GRAMMAR. 

Verbals — 

Participles — progressive (present); perfect (past.) 
Infinitives — root (usually precided by 'to'); parti- 
cipial (gerund. ) 

Chief Principal Uses of Participial Infinitive — 

Subject of verb. 

Object of verb or infinitive. 

Object of preposition. 

Predicate nominative. 

Apposition, 

Uses of Root Infinitive — 

Subject of a verb — To speak is difficult. 
Object of a verb — I prefer to speak. 
Predicate nominative — My desire is to speak. 
Apposition — It is difficult to speak. 
Object of preposition — He is about to speak. 
Idiomatically with noun — He is the man to speak,. 
Idiomatically with verb — I came to speak. 
Idiomatically with adjective — He is ready to speak. 
Idiomatically with adverb — He is .running toa 

rapidly to speak. 
Independently — To tell the truth, the day is hot. 
Objective Complement (factitive predicate) — He re- 
quested me to go. 

Parsing the Verb. 

Sentences. 

Classification by Use. 
Declarative. 
Imperative. 
Interrogative, 
Exclamatory (given by some.) 

Classification According to Construction. 

Simple. 
Compound. 
Complex, 
Compound-Complex, 

Elements. 

Principal — Subject and Predicate. 
Subordinate — Most phrases and clauses. 
Independent — Nouns, infinitives, etc., 'Used inde- 
pendently. 



GRAMMAR. 51 

Clauses — Independent; Dependent. 

Adjective. 1. Those introduced by relative pro- 
nouns; 2. Those introduced by relative adverbs 
(see adverbs.) 

Adverbial. Adverbal clause may express time, 
number, place, reason, cause, condition, con- 
cession, purpose. 

Noun. (Substantive.) Principal uses of noun 
clause — 1. As subject; 2. As object; 3. Apposi- 
tion; 4. Predicate Nominative (attribute comple- 
ment) ; 5. Object of Preposition. 
Phrases. 
Classification — 

By structure — Prepositional, infinitive, participial. 

By use — Substantive (noun). Never You Mind is a 
common expression. 

Pronoun. Be true to each other. 

Adjective. The house by the mill. 

Adverbial. He stood by the river. 

Verb. ■ He may have gone. 

Conjunctive. He does as well as he can. 

Prepositional. He went up to the door. 
Analysis of the Sentence — 

Adverbs. 

Classification. 

Simple. 
Conjunctive. 
Simple — 

Manner, sweetly. 

Place or direction — There, hither. 

Time — Never. 

Number — Quantity, degree, many, much, almost. 

Interrogative — Why. 

Model. These modify the statement in general — I 
think, therefore, he is wrong. 

Conjunctive — May introduce: 1. Adverbial clause. 
2. Adjective clause. These called by some, Re- 
lative Adverbs (where, when, why, whence, 
whether, as). 3. Noun clause. 

Responsives — Yes, No. These stand for entire 
sentences. 

Properties — Degree — Positive, comparative, super- 
lative. 

Formed by — 1. Suffixes— er — est; 2. Use of adverbs 
— More, Most, 



52 GRAMMAR 

Coiij auctions. 

Classification — 

Co-Ordinate. 

Subordinate. 

Co-ordinate — Copulatives — Simply couple, You and: 

I. » 

Alternatives — You or I. 
Adversatives — The day is bright but cold. 
Causal — Hence, Therefore, etc. 
Correlatives — Either, .... Or, Neither, .... Nor., 
Subordinate — Conjunctive adverbs, chiefly, (see 

adverbs.) 
Phrases as Conjunctions — As Though, As well, as, 
In order that, etc. 
Parsing Conjunctions. 

Prepositions. 

Classification — 

Simple — In, To, etc. 

Derivative — Around, Across. 

Compound — Notwithstanding. 
Parsing Prepositions. 

Interjections. 

Classification According to Idea Expressed — 

1. Indicating pain, sorrow — Ah ! Alas ! etc.. 

2. Indicating joy — Hurrah ! Ah ! Ah ! 

3. To secure silence — Hush, List. 

4. Contempt — Sshaw, bah. 

5. Interrogative Interjections — Eh ? Heh ? 
Parsing Interjections. 



READING. 



Reading — The perusal, or the oral expression of written 

or printed composition. 
Objects of — 1. Training in thought-getting; 2. The 

power of adequate vocal expression. 
Orthoepy — The proper utterance of Avords. 
Expression — The conveyance of thought by the modulated 

voice. 
Gesture — Action or attitude used to express or enforce 

sentiment or emotion. 

Orthoepy. 

Articulation — The art of uttering distinctly and justly the 
sounds and syllables forming a word. 

Syllabication — The process of dividing words into syl- 
lables. 

Orthography — Treats of the style, size, sound and com- 
bination of letters. 

Stable — Roman, Italic, Old Englieh, Antique, German 
Text, Gothic, Full Face, Script. 

Size — Pica, Small Pica, Long Primer, Bourgeois, Brevier, 
Minion, Nonpareil, Agate, Pearl, each having two 
forms, capital and small. 

Accent — 

1. A forcible stress of voice upon one syllable of 
a word to distinguish it from the others. 

2. Primary accent — the more forcible stress of 
voice. 

3. Secondary accent — the less forcible stress of 
voice. 

Marks of Accent. 

/ 2 — Mon - day, in - stinct, dark - ness, fail - ure. 

1 2 — Al - ly, ro - mance, dis - course, re - tire. 

z 2 3 — A - re - a, ab - so - lute, pri - ma - ry, ai - ge - bra. 



54 



READING AND ORTHOEPY. 



1 2 3 — Ly - ce - um, re - tir - ing, ex - te7i - sion. 

1 2 J — In - tro - duce, ad - ver - tise, co - te - rie. 

J- 2 3 4 — A - er - i - form, pri - ma - ri - ly, leg - is - la - ture. 

1^3 4 — Ac - cli - ma - ted, ar - tif - i - cer, py - ram - i - dal. 

12 3 4 5 — In - ex - pli - ca - ble, in - (?z; - it - a - ble, in - com ■ 

par - a - ble. 
12^4 5 — Par - lia - 7nen^ - a - ry, ex - tra - h'op - i - cal. 
12 3 4 561 8 — In - com - pre - hen - si - di7 - i - ty. 

Articulation. 

LONG VOWELS. SHORT VOWELS. 



CHAR. 




NAME 


CHAR. 




NAME 


e" 


long e 


i 




short i 


-e 


tilde e 


u 




short u 


Ijt 


caret u 


Si/ 

e 




short e 


a 


long a 


a 




short a 


^ 


long flat a 


a 




short Italian a 


a 


long Italian a 


O 




short 


^ 


broad o 


o6 




short double 


o 


long 




DIPHTHONGS^ 


oo 


long double o 


CHAR. 




NAME 


i 


long i 


oi 




diphthong oi 


u 


long u 

Consonants 


ou 
- Subvocal. 




diphthong ou 


CHAR. 


VALUE NAME 


CHAR. 




VALUE NAME 


b as in 


but b 


V as 


in 


vine V 


d " " 


did d 


^ " 


" 


this th sub. 


j 


jug J 


z 


" 


zone z 


g " ■ 


gay g 


zh " 


" 


azure zh 




Webster's table 


OF EQUIVALENTS. 


e = i 




j = g 


06=0 = 


= u 


oi = oy 


"e = i = y 




g= g 


k=-€ = 


-ch 


ou = ow 


a = e 
'^ = ^ 




i = y 


i= ph 

s=^ 




u = ew 
n = ng 


-8^= a 




u = 6 


sh = ch 




X = ks 


oo=q=u 




o = a 


T= y 




1= gz 



p 


as 


m 


pay 


P 


t 


" 


" 


tin 


t 


ch 


" 


" 


church 


ch 


k 

3HAR 






kin 

VALUE 


k 

NAM] 


1 


as 


in 


low 


1 


m 


" 


" 


may 


m 



READING AND ORTHOEPY. 55- 

Consonants —Aspirate. 

JE NAME CHAR. VALUE NAME 

f as in fine f 

th " " thin th (asp.) 

s " " say s 

sh " " shine sh 
Liquids. 

CHAR. VALUE NAME 

r as in ray r 

n " " sing underlined n 

n " " no n 

Correct Articulation Acquired — 

1. By an accurate knowledge of the elementary 
sounds. 

2. By knowing the appropriate places for these 
sounds in words. 

3. By applying this knowledge in all reading and 
speaking. 

4. By drill on initial and terminal combinations. 

5. By practice on difficult sentences. 
Organs of Speech — Lips, teeth, tongue and palate. 
Voice — Produced by the passage of air through the 

larynx. 

Vowels, Vocals, or Tonics — Those tones of voice which 
are unobstructed by the organs of speech. 

SuBVOCALS, OR SuBTONics — Those tones which are modu- 
lated by the organs of speech. 

Aspirates, or Atonics — Those sounds which are pro- 
duced by the breath alone. 

Sound — An elementary sound is one that cannot be 
divided. 

Labials — Letters formed principally by aid of the lips — b, 
f, m, p, V, w, wh. 

Dentals — Letters formed principally by aid of the teeth — 
j, s, z, ch, sh, zh, c, g. 

LiNGUALS — Letters formed principally by aid of the tongue 
— d, 1, n, r, t, y, th. 

Palatals — Letters formed principally by aid of the palate 
— k, q, X, ng, 1, g. 

Diacritical Marks — Are characters used to represent the 
various sounds of letters. 



.56 READING AND ORTHOEPY. 

Syllabication. 

Syllable — One or more elementary sounds uttered by one 

impulse of the voice. 
Monosyllable — A word of one syllable. 
Dissyllable — A word of two syllables. 
Trisyllable — A word of three syllables. 
Polysyllable — A word of four or more syllables. 
Ultimate — The last syllable of a word. 
Penult — The last syllable of a word but one. 
Antepenult — The last syllable of a word but two. 
Preantepenult — The last syllable of a word but three. 
Spelling — Is the naming of the letters of a word in their 

proper order. j 

A Word — One or more syllables used as the sign of an 

idea. 

Expression. 

Modulation — The variation of the voice in reading and 
speaking. 

Emphasis — 

1. A special stress of voice on one or more words of 
a sentence. 

2. The vocal agencies used for emphasis are: First, 
slide; second, pause; third, pitch; fourth, force; 
fifth, time; sixth, quality. ) 

Kinds of Emphasis — 1. Absolute; 2. Antithetic. 
Personation — The variation of the voice used to represent 

two or more persons as speaking. 
Pauses — The cessation of the voice in reading or speaking. 
Slur — A smooth gliding movement of the voice heard in 

reading or speaking. 
Monotone — A sameness of tone or absence of inflection. 

Suggestions for Applying Emphasis — 

1. When a word introduces, or becomes an import- 
ant part of a new idea it becomes emphatic. 

2. When ideas are presupposed, or when they have 
been expressed or implied, words re-introducing 
them, unless repeated for emphasis, remain un- 
emphatic. 

■Subordination — Emphasis is often enfeebled by a failure 
ofthe speaker to properly subordinate the words 
which immediately follow the one receiving the 
emphasis. 



READING AND ORTHOEPY. 57 

Transition — The change from one character or style to 
another. 

Atmosphere — The pervading spirit, history and surround- 
ings of literature. 

Modulation. 

PixcH^— The elevation of the voice on the scale as heard in 
reading or speaking. 

Divisions of Pitch — 1. Low; 2. Middle; 3. High. 

Low Pitch — Any tone of voice lower than the common or 
natural manner. 

Middle Pitch — The tone of voice used in conversation; 
as, "How do you do." 

High Pitch —Any tone of voice higher than the common. 

Rate (Time) — The time of utterance in reading and 
speaking. 

Divisions of Time — 1. Slow; 2. Moderate; 3. Rapid. 

Slow Time — Used in expression of 'solemnity, devotion, 
etc. 

Moderate Time — Used in conversation, narration or de- 
scription. 

Rapid Time — Used in expression of joy, anger, excitement 
and haste. 

Suggestion — Let the learner take especial pains in the 
examples of rapid movement not to jumble the 
words or sounds together. No matter how rapid 
the rate, the words must be pronounced with 
clearness and precision. 

Grouping — The pupil must be trained to get his ideas from 
the printed page in groups, and not in single 
words. 

Quality — Refers to the kind of tone. 

Normal (Pure Tone) — That used in common conversa- 
tion. 

Orotund — T\x& pure tone deepened and enlarged. 

Oral — Used to express feebleness, etc. 

Aspirate — The whisper, or the whisper partly vocalized.. 
Expresses secrecy, etc. 

Guttural — That in which the voice seems to be produced 
in the throat. 

Pectoral^Aii] tone br]o\ tbt natuu compaf of thoi 
voice. 



58 READING AND ORTHOEPY. 

Nasal — That in which the voice seems to pass through the 
nose. 

Falsetto — Any tone above the natural compass of the 
voice. 

Force — Refers to the volume of sound without change of 
pitch. 

Divisions of Force — Form, Degree, Stress. 

Divisions of Degree — Subdued, Moderate, Energetic, 
Impassioned. 

Subdued Force — Is less than the common energy of the 
voice. 

Moderate F'orce — That usually employed in conversa- 
tion, narration, etc. 

Energetic Force — That next greater than the common 
energy of the voice. 

Impassioned Force — That used in the expression of 
revenge, defiance, etc. 

Stress — The manner of applying emphasis to one or more 
words of a sentence. 

Divisions of Stress — Radical, Final, Thorough, Median, 
Compound, Tremulous. 

Radical Stress — That in which the emphasis falls upon 
the beginning of a word and gradually diminishes. 

Final Stress — That in which the emphasis is gradually 
increased. 

Thorough Stress — That in which the emphasis com- 
mences, continues, and ends with the same force. 

Compound Stress — That in which the emphasis is applied 
with the greatest force at the initial and final parts 
of the sound. 

Median Stress — That in which the emphasis is applied 
with the greatest force in the middle of the sound. 

Tremulous (Intermittent Stress) — That in which the 
emphasis is applied in like impulses. 

Inflection —The change of pitch used in reading and 
speaking. 

Rising Inflection — ^That in which the voice glides up- 
wards and suggests incomplete sense. 

Falling Inflection— That in which the voice glides 
'downward and suggests complete sense. 

Cadence — The fall of the voice at the end of a sentence. 



READING AND ORTHOEPY. 59 

Pauses. 

Pauses Should be Made — 

{a) Before : 

1. Relative Pronouns. 

2. Conjunctions (conditionally.) 

3. Adjectives and Adverbs following the words 

they modify. 

4. Infinitive Phrases (conditionally.) 

5. Prepositional Phrases (conditionally.) 

iU) Between : 

1. Words of a Series. 

2. Words to mark an Elipsis. 

3. Clauses : 

{c~) After : 

1. Emphatic Words (conditionally.) 

2. Words or Phrases used independently. 

3. Nominative Phrases. 

4. Intransitive Verbs (conditionally.) 

(^) Before and After : 

1. Any word or group of words expressing strong 

emotion. 

2. Transposed Words and Phrases. 

3. Words or Phrases used in Apposition. 

4. Direct Quotations. 

5. Parenthetical Expressions. 

/ 

Grestures. 

Positions of Hand — 

Index — The forefinger extended, used in pointing. 

Supine — The palm upward, information, advice, 
welcome, asking, etc. 

Prone — The palm downward, secrecy, represses, 

rejects, shapes, etc. 
« Reflex — The palm turned inward and directed to- 
ward self. 

Clasped— The palms are brought together, prayer, 
adoration, etc. 

Averse — The hand at an angle with the forearm, 
repulsion, etc. 

Clenched— The hand closed tightly, violence, anger, 
hate, revenge, etc. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 



(SELECTED AND ARRANGED.) 

Theory and Art of Teaching — The principles and 
methods of instruction. 

Division of Subject — Will here be used as (1) the organ- 
ization and (2) the management of schools. 

Organization — The systematic arrangement of school 
work; having for its object the instruction and 
control of the schools. 
A good organization of a school is an essential con- 
dition to its healthful management. 

Division — School organization may be divided as (1) tem- 
porary, and (2) permanent. 

Temporary Organization — Includes (1) preparatory work, 
(2) examination, and (3) classification of pupils. 

Preparatory Work — Will be considered under the fol- 
lowing : (1) The teacher, (2) the school, (3) 
contract, and (4) plan of work. 

The Teacher — "As is the teacher, so is the school." The 
great want everywhere is competent teachers. 

•Qualifications — (1) Health, (2) Knowledge, (3) Tact, 
and (4) Moral. 

Health — The teacher should be free from all bodily ail- 
ments. A strong, healthy, and temperate physi- 
cal fibre is necessary to a healthy, growing mental 
condition. 
There is no profession so exacting, none that breaks 
men and women down so early as that of faithful 
teaching. 
"The cheerfulness, the vigor, the versatility, and the 
endurance essential to success can only come of 
good health." 

Knowledge — To teach well, one must be a master of the 
subject. He ought also, to be conversant with 
cognate branches. The true teacher is always a 
student. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 61 

Tact — No word in our language expresses a greater power 
to the teacher than this tact. The ready power of 
appreciating and doing what is required by cir- 
cumstances. The accumulation of knowledge 
and experience add to this original divine power. 
A knowledge of the laws of culture, of right 
methods of teaching, and of true school manage- 
ment quickens and deepens this gift of intuition. 
"The most scholarly teachers often make the most 
striking failures; they know, but they cannot 
cause others to know. The teacher needs to ob- 
serve, read, think, practice. He needs to sit at 
the feet of Jesusj of Aristotle, of Socrates, and of 
Pestalozzi, and learn lessons from the masters." 

Moral — High moral qualities are necessary in the teacher 
as they affect his power over his pupils. 
The teacher is the architect of the character of his 

pupils. 
The moral nature that is bound down by low and 
sensuous affections and purposes, lacks at all 
times that ready, sensitive, insinuating grace and 
freedom of action, which draw the youthful mind 
into ways of purity, temperance and personal ex- 
cellence. 

The School — Only engage in such schools as you can 
manage and hold. 
Do not attempt too much. You can afford to work 
up. The best positions await talent and well di- 
rected effort. Prove yourself worthy the place, 
and the position will seek you. Seek that place 
which will require all your powers and to which 
you can gladly devote your best efforts. 

The Contract — Teaching is a business, and teachers 
should meet School Boards on business princi- 
ples. The contract should be in writing, and 
should specify time, wages, care of house, grounds 
and apparatus. 

Plan of Work — Prepare your plan of ivork carefully. 
Have and keep your school room clean, orderly 
and cheerful. Look after the minutest details 
which promise success. Give your best thoughts 
to the course of study and prograni. See that it 
is well arranged before you enter upon your work. 
Have your plans well matured before the first 
day. Do your best and you will not fail. 



62 THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

Examination — To determine the grade and class to which 
pupils belong, the method must be left to the 
judicious teacher. 
The natural ability and attainments of the pupil 
must both be considered. 

Classification — Here as in examination the judgment of 
the teacher must determine the place. The age, 
ability, and scholarship of the pupil must be con- 
sidered. The proper place for each pupil should 
be found. 

Permanent Organization — Includes (1) opening exer- 
cises, (2) program, (3) study, (4) recitation, 
(5) intermission, and (6) closing exercises. 

Opening Exercises — These should be brief, pleasing, and 
directed toward moral culture. Do not have 
stereotyped forms for opening. Call the roll by 
number — each pupil announcing his number in 
order. 

Program — A carefully prepared program should be 
found in every school room. 

Study — The pupil is helped more by what he thinks him- 
self than he is by what others tell him. The 
teacher should never do for the pupil what he can 
do for himself. Teach pupils how to study. Our 
success as teachers depends more upon this than 
any other school duty. 

The Recitation — 

1. Importance: (1) Its relation to control. A teacher 
who has good wide awake recitations will not have 
bad order. (2) The recitation brings pupils and 
teacher together in an intimate way. It affords 
the best opportunity for a teacher to get hold of 
the hearts of his pupils. (3) It is the final test of 
the teacher. If he fails here, his failure is fatal. 

2. Purpose: (1) To test. a. The mental develop- 
ment of pupils, b. The preparation of the lesson. 
(2) To train, a. Mental powers, memory, im- 
magination, observation, thinking. b. Habits of 
study and living. (3) To instruct. The teacher 
should take time to give the pupils instruction in 
methods of study and of preparing lessons. He 
should bring in material outside of texts used, and 
inspire the pupils with the purpose to make the 
most of their lives. Caution should be used lest 
one talk too much. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 63 

3. Conditions of a good recitation: (1) A true 
teacher. The teacher is the soul and Hfe of the 

* recitation. Too frequently the pupils are blamed 

for a poor recitation. The fault generally lies 
with the teacher. Pupils are interested and at- 
tentive when the physical conditions are right and 
the teacher is properly prepared for the recita- 
tion. (2) An actively interested class. A recita- 
tion that does not arouse the interest of all the 
pupils is a failure. 

4. The true teacher is: (1) A prepared teacher. A 
prepared teacher knows : a. The lesson to be 
taught ; b. The mental preparation of the class to 
receive the lesson; c. The method of presenting 
the lesson. The rule should be : Daily prepara- 
tion for daily work. (2) A sympathetic teacher. 
Sympathy is the magic key which unlocks the 
heart of the child to the teacher. (3) An en- 
thusiastic teacher. Enthusiasm means, God in 
the soul, i. e. a great enobling and inspiring prin- 
ciple has entered the soul. 

, 5. An actively interested class is one that works with 
the teacher in contrast with one which watches 
the teacher work. This interest is marked by at- 
tention, pertinent questions and free expression 
of opinion. 
6. Final suggestions: Form a high opinion of the 
value of the recitation Consider yourself respon- 
sible for its success or failure. Prepare for each 
recitation. Study the character of your pupils. 
Win them by sympathetic interest in them. Do 
not drive them but inspire them to effort. Do not 
close a recitation without having fixed some new 
truth definitely in the minds of the class. 

Intermission — The organization of the school should pro- 
vide for and the program should show time set 
apart for recitation. 

Closing Exercises — These, like the opening, should be 
brief, announcements should be short if any are 
to be made. A song, dismissal by rank, pupils 
marching in order. 

School Management — The systematic control of school 
work so as to produce order and efficiency. 

Division- -(1) School Tactics; (2) School Government; 
and (3) School Work. 



64 THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

School Tactics — A uniform system of signals and move- 
ments for school work. The appearance and 
success of a school is largely dependent upon a 
well digested and faithfully executed plan of 
school tactics. 

Signals — The signals used should be few, simple and 
quiet. A low count or tap of pencil is best. 

Movements — These should be necessary and executed 
promptly and quietly by pupils. Sufficient time 
should be allowed between signals to admit of 
their profnpt execution. 

School Government — Control exercised by a teacher over 
his school. This should always tend toward self- 
government. The order sought in school govern- 
ment should be that of activity and work. The 
most difficult part of a teacher's work is the con- 
trol or management of his school, and calls for 
experience, judgment and wisdom. 

Division — (1) Objects and (2) Means. 

Objects — (1) To preserve order, (2) to facilitate instruc- 
tion and (3) to form correct habits. 

To Preserve Order^ — "Order is Heaven's first law." 
"The fitness of condition and results from good 
government." 

To Facilitate Instruction — Good school government 
lessens the labor of instruction and makes suc- 
cessful school work possible. 

To Form Correct Habits — The school is to train the 
pupil for life and not for school. Good character 
and correct habits are of more importance than 
good scholarship. 

Conditions of Good Control — 

1. Physical: The first condition of good control is 
proper physical environment. Impure air, im- 
perfect lighting, uncomfortable seats and wrong 
temperature, singly or together, have ruined many 
a recitation and many a day. 

2. Wise seating of pupils: During the first days of 
school study the pupils carefully. As soon as you 
know them well change the seats of all the pupilr 
(no one then justly can complain) placing th 
restless ones far from temptation. 



THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 65 

3. Definite assignment of seat work: Each pupil 
should have a definite task for each study period. 

4. Vigilance on part of teacher: The teacher must 
be able to conduct a recitation and at the same 
time supervise the room. She must be able to see 
the beginning of mischief, to anticipate trouble. 

Punishments — 

1. Aim: (1) To reform the offender, (2) to warn 
others. 

2. Kinds: (1) Taking away of privileges. If a 
child will not play peaceably with children let 
him have his playtimes alone. Let this illus- 
tration explain the principle. (2) Reprimands, 
reproofs, etc. Avoid sarcasm. Be just and kind. 
(3) Corporal. 

3. Things to remember: 
Do not punish in anger. 
Do not punish for revenge. 

Do not aim to humiliate pupils. 
Do not whip a child before the school. The pu- 
pils will sympathize with the child. 

Do not deprive a child of opportunity of out door 
exercise. 

Rarely keep pupils after school. 

Do not pull ears or hair. 

Do not strike a child about the head. 

Do not form the habit of scolding. 

Let all punishment be done in kindness. 

Questioning — 

1. Importance: The art of teaching has been de- 
fined as the art of questioning. Every teacher 
s ould make a study of the art of questioning. 

2. Purpose. (1) To test retention of pupils. (2) 
To fix knowledge. (3) To impart new know- 
ledge. (4) To arouse interest. (5) To stimulate 
investigation. 

3. Character of questions: (1) Should be definite 
and clear, no catch questions. (2) Should be 
logical and progressive. Should gradually unfold 
the subject under discussion. (3) Should be 
framed in good English. (4) Should have variety. 



m THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

Avoid stereotyped forms. (5) Should compel the 
pupils to use their mental powers. Avoid ques- 
tion? answerable by yes or no. (6) Answers 
should be definite, direct, and framed in good, 
concise English. 

It is a fine practice for young teachers to make out 
before hand the leading questions to be asked. 
It avoids aimless and haphazard questions and is 
a saver of time. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



NOTE. — This subject begins with an outline for the study of North America. 
All the grand divisions can be taken up in same manner. 



OUTLINE STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA. 

I. Location — 

1. Hemisphere. 

2* Oceans surrounding. 

3. Latitude and longitude. 

II. Extents — 

1. General shape. 

2. Length and breadth, a. Degrees; b. Miles. 

3. Area. — Compare with area of the state, or with 
other known units. 

III. Coast-line — 

\. General description. 

2. Determined by — a. Highlands; b. Frozen soil; 
c. Action of water in wearing or building. 

3. Fiords; larger indentations; peninsulas; islands 
— how formed? 

4. Coasts of Atlantic and Pacific oceans compared. 

5. Length of coast-line — compared with length of 
continents. 

IV. General relief of surface — 

1. Two slopes. (The continent is divided into 
two general slopes by Continental Axis, or the 
water-parting which separates the drainage of 
Arctic and Atlantic oceans from that of the 
Pacific.) a. Long slope (Atlantic). (1) Extent. 
'' (2) General relief ; plains; highlands of Labra- 

dor; Appalachian mountain system. (3) Drain- 
age. 
{a) Divided by — 1. Secondary Axis; 2. Height 

of Land. 
,(^b'). Great river basins and river systems: 1. Mac- 
kenzie; 2. Hudson Bay; 3. St. Lawrence; 4. 
Mississippi. 



68 GEOGRAPHY. 

[c] Atlantic and Gulf system of smaller river 
basins. (Special and comparative study of river 
basins should be made.) 

b. Short slope (Pacific). (1) Extent. (2) Gen- 
eral relief ; plateau; Rocky mountains; Pacific 
ranges; lowlands. (3) Drainage. 

{a) Great river basins and river systems: 1. Yu- 
kon; 2. Eraser; 3. Columbia; 4. Colorado. 

[It) Systems of smaller river basins draining Pacific 
ranges. 

[c) Systems of inland drainage. (4) Compare 
with extent, relief, drainage of long slope. 

2. Highlands and lowlands, a. Western High- 
land; b. Appalachian mountain system; c. High- 
lands of Labrador; d. Central plains; e. Atlan- 
tic plains; /. Pacific lowlands. 

Points for the study of the above: Location and 
extent of each; general topography; general 
slopes and drainage; height above sea-level; for- 
mation or structure; glaciers. 

Suggestions: Compare the highlands as to direc- 
tion, extent, general relief, structure of moun- 
tains, height and drainage. Let a study of alti- 
tude include highest and lowest portions of the 
plains, plateaus and mountain ranges or systems; 
also the highest peaks and the average heights of 
plateaus and mountains, with the general direc- 
tion of the increase and decrease in elevation. 

Compare the altitudes of different ranges, peaks, 
and sections of plateau in the same highland re- 
gion; classify according to height. 

Compare the highest and average altitudes of the 
great Western Highland with those of the Ap- 
palachian. 

Pictures, cross-sections of continents, relief maps 
and sand modeling should accompany the study 
of surface, 

A comparative study of heights will intensify ones 
image of the topography of North America and 
form, a basis for comparison and study of the 
other continents. 



GEOGRAPHY. 69 

V. Climate; Cause — 

1. Distribution of wind. 

a. Prevailing winds. 

b. Periodical winds. 

c. Variable winds. 

d. Relation to latitude. 

e. Influence of topography. 

(1) Effect upon direction of wind. 

a. Rocky mountains. 

b. Pacific ranges. 

c. Highlands of Mexico and Central America. 

d. Appalachian mountains. 

e. The great plains. 

f. Influenced by the relations of sea and land. 

g. Relation to ocean currents. 

h. Relation to seasons of the years. (1) Prevail- 
ing directions of wind in summer; (2) Prevail- 
ing directions of wind in winter; (3) Direction 
of wind in spring and fall ; (4) Different regions 
compared as to direction of wind in the same 
seas and same latitude: {a) Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts; {b) Coasts with interior of continent. 
(5) Direction of wind in the same region at 
different seasons of the year. 

2. Distribution of temperature. 

a. Relation to (1) latitude. (2) wind, (3) topo- 
graphy, altitude, (4) the relations of sea and 
land, (5) ocean currents, (6) the seasons. 

b. As shown by isothermal lines: (1) in winter; 
(2) in summer; (3) Annual average; (4) Equal 
annual range of temperature; (5) Places of 
equal temperature in the same season; (6) 
Comparison of temperatures in the same lati- 
tude at the same season; (7) Temperatures of 
the same places at different seasons of the 
year; (8) Places having the same annual aver- 
age; (9) Areas of greatest extremes in temper- 
ature; (10) Temperature of the highlands com- 
pared with that of lowlands in the same lati- 
tude; (11) Temperature of Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts compared; (12) Temperature of coast 
compared with that of interior of the continent. 



70 GEOGRAPHY. 



3. Distribution of rainfall: 



a. Cause; relation to (l) the wind, (2) tempera- 
ture, (3) topography, (4) the relations of sea 
and land, (5) ocean currents, (6) latitude, ("7) 
the seasons. 

b. Average rainfall of different regions compared. 

(1) Places having the same average rainfall; 

(2) Places of equal temperature with difference 
in precipitation; (3) Regions in the same lati- 
tude compared at the same season of the year; 
different latitudes; different seasons; (4) Dif- 
ferent regions with the same direction of pre- 
vailing winds; (5) Regions with different direc- 
tions of prevailing winds; (6) Precipitation of 
highlands and lowlands compared; C?) East 
and west sides of the Pacific and Rocky Moun- 
tain ranges; east and west coast lands of Mex- 
ico; (8) Rainfall of the Atlantic and Pacific 
coasts of North America; (9) Rainfall of coast 
compared with that of the interior; (10) Rain- 
fall of the Great Basin with that of the Missis- 
sippi river basin; (11) Precipitation of the Arc- 
tic regions with that of regions around the 
Gulf of Mexico; (12) Areas of extremes: (a) 
Greatest yearly rainfall; {b) Smallest yearly 
rainfall; (<r) Semi-periodical rainfall; (^) Heavy 
rainfall with periods of drouth. 

c. Comparison of rainfall in the same region at 
different seasons of the year. 

NOTE.— Study of climate should be made in coDnection with good physical, or 
relief maps, also maps showing temperature, direction of wind, rainfall, etc. 



VI. Soil— 

1. Relation to 

a. Climate. 

b. Topography. 

c. River action. 

d. Action of the sea. 

e. Action of wind. 

f. Glacial action. 

g. Volcanic action. 



GEOGRAPHY. 71 

2. Distribution of soil; where found. 

a. Very fertile. 

b. Less fertile. 
V. Poor; stony. 

VII. Distribution of vegetation — 
Indiginious; cultivated. 

1. Influenced by temperature. 

a. In different zones; plants peculiar to (1 j trop- 
ics, (2) sub-tropics, (3) temperate zone, (4) 
frigid zone. 

b. At different altitudes. 

2. Influenced. by rainfall. 

a. Regions of equal temperature. (1) Heavy 
rainfall; marshy lands; (2) Less rainfall; (3) 
Arid. 

3. Relation to soil. 

a. Very fertile. 

b. Less fertile. 

c. Poor. 

4. Relation to topography. 

a. Lowlands. 

b. Plateau. 

c. Mountain. 

d. Valley. 

5. Distribution of forests; grassy plains. 

6. Relation to length of seasons. 

"7. Characteristic vegetation of different latitudes 
compared. 

8. Comparison of vegetation of different regions 

in the same latitude. 

a. Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. 

b. Atlantic and Pacific coast lands, 

e. The Great Basin with Mississippi river basin. 

d. Right and left slopes of the Mississippi basin. 

e. East and west coast lands and plateau of 
Mexico. 

9. Comparison of vegetation in regions of equal 
temperature and different average rainfall. 

10. Regions of equal rainfall and different temper- 
atures. 

11. Distribution of vegetation in relation to use. 



72 GEOGRAPHY. 

VIII. Distribution of Animal Life — 

1. Influenced by temperature. 

a. In zones; animals peculiar to — (1) torrid zone, 
(2) sub-tropics, (3) temperate zone, (4) frigid 
zone. 

b. At different altitudes. 

2. Influenced by moisture; animal life peculiar to 

a. Regions of heavy rainfall. 

b. Regions of average rainfall. 

c. Regions of dry climate. 
d Marshy lands. 

e. Rivers; lakes; seas. 

3. Relation to topography; animal life peculiar to 

a. Plains. 

b. Mountains. 

c. Soil in lowlands. 

d. Soil in highlands. 

d. Influenced by vegetation; animal life peculiar 
to (1) forests, or woody countries, (2) open 
country, or grassy plains, (3) regions of little 
vegetation. 

e. Distribution in relation to habits. 

/. Distribution in relation to use. 

g. Characteristic fauna of different regions com- 
pared. 

IX. Distribution of Minerals and Metals — 

1. In relation to topography. 

a. Different regions compared as to distribution 
of minerals and metals, (1) highlands and low- 
lands, (2) western highlands with the Appala- 
chian, (3) different parts of the same system of 
highlands. 

2. Distribution in relation to use. 

X. Population — 

1. Distribution of people. 

a. Influenced by climate : (1) In different zones 
of heat, (2) at different altitudes, (3) in regions 
of abundant rainfall, (4) regions of little rain- 
fall, (5) its effects upon health. 



GEOGRAPHY. 73 

b. Relation to topography: (1) lowlands, (2) 
plateaus, (3) mountains, (4) valleys. 

c. Relation to nature of soil : (1) very fertile, 
(2) less fertile, (3) poor. 

d. Influenced by distance from river, lake or sea; 
facilities for navigation. 

e. Relation to life : (1; vegetables, (2) animal. 
/. Relation to distribution of minerals and metals. 

Distribution of races of men. 

a. American Indians. 

b. American Tuetons. 

c. Mexicans. 

d. Negroes. 

e. Esquimos. 

/. Relation of distribution of races to (1) climate, 
(2) topography, (3) soil, (4) distance from 
water, (5) vegetation, (6) animal life, (7) dis- 
tribution of minerals and metals. 

Industries. 

a. Agriculture. 

b. Grazing. 

c. Fishing. 

d. Lumbering. 

e. Mining. 

f. Manufacturing. 

g. Commerce. 

h. Relation of industries to (1) topography, (2) 
climate, (3) soil, (4) streams, lakes, bays, 
oceans, (5) vegetation, (6) animal life, (Y) miner- 
als and metals, \%) exports, imports, (9) rail- 
roads. 

/ Relation of distribution of population to indus- 
tries. 

j. Different physical regions compared as to (1) 
kinds of occupation; leading industries; (2) 
number of people engaged in each; (3) pro- 
ducts of each; their commercial value; (4) ex- 
ports; imports; the necessity for each; relation 
to physical condition of the region; relation to 
population; relation to means of transportation. 



74 GEOGRAPHY. 

k. The Western Highlands compared with the 

Appalachian; highlands with lowlands in the 

same latitude and with the great central plains; 

the Atlantic slope with the Pacific. 
/. North and south temperate regions compared; 

temperate with the frigid; temperate with the 

torrid regions. 
?n. Regions having the best natural conditions for 

the occupation; work and development of man; 

regions with poorest conditions. 

4. Cities. 

a. Seaports; harbors. 

b. Internal commercial cities. 

c. Manufacturing cities. 

d. Mining cities. 

e. Political cities. 

/. Educational centres. 

g. Health resorts. 

h. Relation of location and growth to (1) topog- 
raphy, climate, soil; (2) means of transporta- 
tion; (3) distribution of vegetation, animal life, 
minerals and metals; (4) distribution of popu- 
lation; (5) industries; products; (6) exports 
and imports; ( V) points of interuption in trans- 
portation; meeting-places of trade routes. 

/. Comparison of cities. ( ] ) As to (a) advantages 
of location; (7^) means of transportation; (c) 
population; {d) industries, business; (^) pro- 
ducts, exports and imports; (/) growtla and 
prosperity; causes which promote, or hinder. 
(2) Cities in different physical regions: (a) 
Mountains and valleys; {b) Highlands and low- 
lands; (^) Sea coast and interior. (3) Cities of 
north and south temperate regions; temperate 
and torrid regions. 

Definitions — Geography — Mathematical, political, physi- 
cal; Orology; Meterology; Hydrology; Eth- 
nology; Planets; Satellites; Earth — Proofs of 
rotundity of the earth; Distance from sun, sphere 
or globe, diameter, circumference, earthquake, 
trend, lava, crater, axis; Poles — North, south; 
Revolutions — Annual, diurnal; Circles — Great, 
small; Degree, equator, parallels; Lattitude — 



GEOGRAPHY. 75 

North, south, 90 degrees; Tropics — Cancer, Cap- 
ricorn; Polar Circles — Arctic, Antarctic; Meridian 
circles, meridian; Longitude — East, west, 180 
degrees Isothermal lines; Horizon; Equinoxes; 
Solstices; Ecliptic; Hemispheres — East, west, 
north, south; Zones — ^North and South Temper- 
ate, each 43 degrees; Torrid, 47 degrees; North 
and South Frigid, each 23^2 degrees; Earth's sur- 
face^ — Land and water. • 

Natural Divisions of Land — Continent; Islands — Con- 
tinental, oceanic; Atoll; Peninsula, isthmus, cape, 
promontory, mountain, hill; Volcanoes — Active, 
extinct; Range or chain, peak or summit; Valleys 
— Longitudinal, transverse; Base, slopes, crest, 
pass or passage, mountain-knot, plain, prairies or 
savannas, llanos or pampas, selvas, steppes, 
table-land or plateau, desert, oasis, swamp, water 
shed, delta, river basin; Reefs — Fringing, bar- 
rier, encircling. 

Natural Divisions of Water — Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, 
fiord, harbor, haven or port, road or roadstead, 
strait, channel, sound; Lakes — Salt, fresh; Pond, 
archipelago, river, estuary, river system, icebergs, 
glacier, rapids, canon, falls, lagoon; Springs — 
Cold, thermal, artesian w^ells, firth, canal. 

Tides — Flood, ebb, spring, neap. 

Currents — Temporary, periodical, constant. 

Map. 

Climate, Depends Upon — Latitude, elevation, prevailing 
winds, ocean currents, distance from sea. 

Quadrant. 

Topics for Geographical Study — Boundaries, latitude, 
longitude, surface, mountains, plains, islands, 
capes, bodies of water, rivers, climate, soil, 
natural curiosities, productions, exports, imports, 
square miles, population, race, state of society, 
capital, chief towns, internal improvements, edu- 
cation, religion, government, manners, customs, 
language, history, science, literature, art. 



76 GEOGRAPHY. 

NORTH IMERICA. 

Countries and Form of Government — Danish America, 
colony; Dominion of Canada, colony; United 
States of America, republic; Mexico, republic; 
Central America, five republics, one colony. 

Mountains — Rocky, Hecla (volcano,) St. Elias (volcano,) 
Fairweather (volcano,) Cascade, Coast Range, 
• Sierre Madre, Sierre Nevada, Popocatapetl (vol- 

cano,) Mt. Hood, Appalachian, Fremont's Peak, 
Mt. Washington, Long's Peak, Pike's Peak. 

Rivers — Yukon, Mackenzie, Snake Savannah, Slave, 
Saguenay, Ohio, Ottav^a, Athabasca, Churchill, 
Nelson, Severn, Saskatchavi^an, Columbia, Color- 
ado, Gila, Missouri, Hudson, James, Mississippi, 
Arkansas, St. Lav^^rence, Rio Grande. 

Gulfs and Bays — Baffin, Hudson, James. St. Lawrence, 
California, Honduras, Campeachy, Mexico, Ches- 
apeake, Delaware. 

Straits — Belle Isle, Northumberland, Juan de Fuca, Van- 
couver, Davis, Hudson, Florida, Youcatan. 

Islands — Arctic archipelago. Disco, Kodiac, Sitka, Queen 
Charlotte, Vancouver, West Indies, Bahama, Ber- 
muda, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Greenland, 
Iceland. 

Capes — Farewell, Bathurst, Chudleigh, Barrow, Flattery, 
Mendocino, St Lucas, Corrientes, Sable, Hat- 
teras, Sandy Hook, Cod, Race. 

Cities — Reykjavik, Upernavik, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, 
Sitka, Chicago, New York, Boston, Halifax, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincin- 
nati, St. Louis, Vera Cruz, Mexico, San Fran- 
cisco. 

WEST INDIES. 

Greater Antilles — Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, Jamacia, 

Isle of Pines. 
Lesser Antilles — Virin, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Guade- 

lupe, Dominica, Martinique, Barbadoes, St. Vin- 

cint, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad. 
Straits — Windward Passage, Mono Passage. 
Cities — Havana, Mantanzas, Cardenas, Puerto Principe, 

Santiago de Cuba, Kingston, Puerto Plata, San 

Domingo, San Juan. 



GEOGRAPHY. 77 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

Countries and Form of Government — United States of 
Brazil, republic; Argentina, republic; Bolivia, 
republic; Ecuador, republic; Chile, republic; 
Venezuela, republic, Peru, republic, Uruguay, 
Paraguay, republic; Guiana, British, French, 
Dutch, colonies. 

Mountains — Andes, Parima, Pacaraima, Acaria, Geral, 
Brazilian Andes, Aconcagua (volcano,) Cotopaxi 
(volcano,) Pichincha (volcano,) Mt. Chimborazo. 

Rivers — Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, Plata, Uruguay, Par- 
ana, St. Francisco, Paragua, Magdalena. 

Gulfs and Bays — Darien, Panama, St. George, Venez- 
uela, St. Mathias, Choco. 

Islands — Tierra del Fuego, Joannes or Marajo, Chiloe, 
Falkland, Wellington, Lobos, Trinidad. 

Capes — Gallinas, St. Roque, Blanco, Horn, Frio, Cor- 
rientes, St. Antonio, Aguja. 

Cities — Rio Janerio, Bahia, Lima, Bogota, Sucre, LaPaz, 
Quito, Buenos Ayres, Santiago. 



EUROPE. 

Countries and Form of Government — Russia, empire; 
Turkey, empire; Austria, empire; Germany, em- 
pire; Spain, kingdom; Portugal, kingdom; Great 
Britain, kingdom; Italy, kingdom; Holland, 
kingdom; Belgium, kingdom; Denmark, king- 
dom; Sweeden and Norway, kingdom; Greece, 
kingdom; Servia, kingdom; Roumania, kingdom; 
Montenegro, principality; Bulgaria, principality; 
France, republic; Switzerland, republic. 

Mountains — Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Carpathian, Bal- 
kan, Caucasus, Ural, Auvergne, Cevennes, Dovre- 
field, Kiolen, Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian, Sierra 
Morena, Sierra Estrella, Mt. Blanc, Pindus. 

Rivers — Ural, Volga, Don, Ebro, Pruth, Dnieper, Dnies- 
ter, Drave, Dwina, Duna, Onega, Douro, Vistula, 
Danube, Oder, Guadiana, Elbe, Rhine, Rhone, 
Seine, Loire, Po, Tagus, Weser, Save. 



78 GEOGRAPHY. 

Seas, Gulfs and Bays — White, Baltic, North, Irish, 
Adriatic, Azof, Mediterranean, Marmora, Black, 
Caspian, Bothnia, Finland, Riga, Biscay, Lyons, 
Genoa, Taranto, Dantzic. 

Straits — Gibraltar, Otranto, Dover, Dardanelles, Bos- 
phorus, Yenikale, Cattegat, Skager-Rack, English 
Channel, St. George's Channel. 

Islands — Lofoden, Faroe, Shetland, Orkney, British, 
Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian, 
Candia, Cyprus. 

Capes — North, Clear, Land's End, St. Matthew, Finis- 
terre, St. Vincent, Ortegal, Matapan. 

Cities — St. Petersburg, Archangel, Odessa, Astrakan, 
Moscow, Hammerfest, Berlin, Christiana, Stock- 
holm, The Hague, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, Berne, 
Rome, Naples, Madrid, Lisbon, Athens, Constan- 
tinople, Cettigne, Bucharest. 



ASIA. 

Countries and Form of Government — Siberia; colony; 
China, empire; Japan, empire; Turkey, empire; 
Burmah, kingdom; Siam, kingdom; Anam, king- 
dom; Arabia, despotism; Persia, empire; British 
India, colony; Eastern Turkestan, colony; Af- 
ghanisstan, despotism; Baluchistan, despotism. 

Mountains — Himalaya, Yablonoi, Altai, Khin Gan, Nan- 
ling, Hindoo Koosh, Kara-Korum, Western 
Ghauts, Eastern Ghauts, Elburz, Taurus, Mt. 
Sinai, Mt. Ararat, Mt. Everest, Thian-Shan, 
Fujiyama (volcano,) Vindhya, Kuenlun, Stan- 
ovoy. 

Rivers — Lena, Yenisei, Obi, Irtish, Angara, Sihon, Amoo, 
Hoang-Ho, Yang-tse-Kiang, Brahmapootra, Cam- 
bodia, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, Amoor. 

Seas, Gulfs and Bays- — Kara, Arabian, China, Blue, Yel- 
low, Japan, Okhotsk, Behring, Red, Aral, Obi, 
Persian, Aden, Bengal, Siam, Tonquin, Anadir, 
Pechelee. 

S I RAirs —Behring, Channel of Tartary, Corea, Formosa, 
Malacca, Ormus, Babel Mandeb, Palk, Hainan. 



GEOGRAPHY. 7& 

Islands — Nova Zembla, New Siberia, Kurile, Saghalien, 
Yezo, Hondo, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Formosa, Japan, 
Hainan, Ceylon, Cyprus, Laccadive, Maldive, 
Bahrein, Nicobar, Andaman, Socotra. 

Capes— Northeast, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romahia, 
Comorin. 

Cities— Pekin, Lassa, Seoul, Kasghar, Hue, Bankok, 
Mandalay, Calcutta, Colombo, Cabul, Teheran, 
Riad, Muscat, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tinman, 
Barnaul, Irkoutsk, Khiva, Bokhara, Smyrna,. 
Damascus, Jerusalem. 



AFRICA. 

Countries— Barbara States— Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, 
Tripoli; Fezzan, Egypt, Nubia, Soudan, Abys- 
sinia, Zanguebar, Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, 
Lower Guinea, Barca, Mozambique, Cape Colony^ 
Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free States, South 
African Republic, Senegambia, Liberia, Sahara. 

Mountains— Atlas, Kong, Crystal, Snow, Great Karroo, 
Kondi, Mt. Kenia, Mt. Killamandjaro, Cameroon. 

Rivers— Nile, White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara, Zambesi, 
Orange, Congo, Niger. 

Gulfs and Bays — Sidra, Cabes, Guinea, False, Algoa, 
Delagoa. 

Islands— St. Helena, Canary, Princes, St. Thomas, Mad- 
agascar, Comoro, Zanzibar, Socotra. 

Capes — Bon, Spartel, Blanco, Verde, Palmas, Lopez, 
Negro, Frio, Good Hope, Agulhas, Correntes, 
Delgado, Amber, Guardafui, St. Mary. 

Cities — Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, 
Gondar, Antalo, Ankobar, Zanzibar, Tananarivo, 
Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Pre- 
toria, Monrovia, Fez, Free Town, Morocco, Al- 
giers, Constantine, Oran, Tunis, Tripoli, Mour- 
zouk, Bengazi, Timbuctoo, Kano, Sokoto, Kuka. 



80 GEOGRAPHY. 

OCEANICA. 

Divisions — Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia. 

Mountains — Blue, Darling, Australian Alps, South Alps, 
Ashburton, Egmont (volcano,) Edgecombe (vol- 
cano,) Mt. Ophir, Mt. Kosciusko, Hawaii (vol- 
cano.) 

Rivers — Murray, Darling, Victoria, Lachlan, Ashburton, 
Cooper. 

Seas, Gulfs and Bays — Botany, Coral, Carpentaria, 
Spencer, Java, Celebes, Cambridge, Arafura. 

Straits — Bass; Cook, Sunda, Torres, Molucca, Macassar. 

Islands- — Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, 
Celebes, Molucca, Philippine, Singapore, Sand- 
wich, New Zealand, Friendly, Society, Feejee, 
Tasmania, Solomon, Banca. 

Capes — York, Sandy, Howe, Wilson, Leeuwin, North- 
west, Datu, Farewell, West, East, Maria. 

Cities — Acheen, Bencoolen, Batavia, Manila, Victoria, 
Wellington, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide. 

RACES AND RELIGIONS. 

Races — Caucasian, 600,000,000; Mongolian, 600,000,000; 
African, 250,000,000; Malay, 4,000,000; American, 
8,000,000. Estimated to speak over 3,000 differ- 
ent languages. 

Religions — Pagans, 676,000,000; Christians, 320,000,000; 
Mohammedans, 200,000,000; Jews, 14,000,000.. 
Profess about 1,000 different forms of religion. 

Popsilatioii of Some of the Principal Cities of the World. 

London, 4,433,018; Paris, 2,536,834; Pekin, 1,000,- 
000; Canton, 2,000,000; New York, 3,500,000; 
Berlin, 1,677,304; Vienna, 1,364,548; Philadel- 
phia, 1,046,964; Tokio, 1,268,930; St. Peters- 
burg, 1,267,023. 

Ten Principal Cities of the United States. 

New York, 3,500,000; Philadelphia, 1,046,964; 
Chicago, 1,619,226; Boston, 496,920; St. Louis, 
451,770; Baltimore, 434,439; Cincinnati, 296,908; 
San Francisco, 298,997; New Orleans, 242,039. 



GEOGRAPHY 



81 



Seveu Wonders of the Woi'M. 

The pyramids, temples and hanging gardens of 
Babylon; Statute of Jupiter Olympus; Temple of 
Diana at Ephesus; Mausoleum of Halicarnassus; 
The Pharos; The Colossus of Rhodes. 

Comparative Table of Islands. 

In the following table Michigan, with an area of 56,500 
square miles, is taken as a unit. 



NAME. 


Areas in 
Square 
Miles. 


Compara- 
tive Size. 




3,000,000 

300.000 

275,000 

200,000 

130,000 

106,000 

84,0U0 

70,000 

51,500 

46,000 

40,200 

35,000 

32,500 

28,000 

26,200 

24,500 

6,500 

6,000 

5,000 

4,800 


53.09 




5.30 




4.09 




3 53 




2.47 




1.87 




1 50 




1.23 




.91 


Cuba 


.81 




.71 




.61 




.57 




.49 




.46 




.43 




.11 




.10 




.08 




.08 







ARITHMETIC. 



The course in Arithmetic should prepare for the busi- 
ness world. 

(2) It should discipline a person to think accurately 
and consecutively. 

A number is the "How Many" of a collection of ob- 
jects (1). 

(2) A number is ratio, the result of measurement. 

A unit is a measure of a quantity, as an inch, a foot, a 
dollar, etc. 

Numbers are necessarily abstract, but we speak of 
concrete numbers. 

Numbers are integral and fractional. 

Scale of Notation. — Our scale is the decimal system. It 
was invented by the Hindoos. 

Any number — Integer— d,-\-Yo'd^+ici'<^3-{-To^^^+ •■ ■• ~w^n 
Illustrate our notation by splints, bundles of 10, bun- 
dles of 100, etc. 

Secure accuracy and facility in writing and reading 
numbers. 

The Metric System extends the scale of ten throughout. 
It was invented by the French. When? It has 
been adopted in part by nearly all the civilized 
world. It should come into common use in 
United States. 

Roman Notation: — Letters, values, principles, uses. 

Addition: — Uniting like numbers; Aim to secure accuracy 
and facility in this import part of business educa- 
tion. Let pupils add Jive minutes each day for 
a term. Checks — Casting out the nines. 
Sign, equality. 



ARITHMETIC. 83 

SUBTRACTION. 

Treat subtraction as the inverse of addition. This is 
the business way of making change. What added to 4 
makes 9? Bought 81 cents worth and handed merchant 
1.00; the merchant counts out what added to 81 cents 
makes 100 cents. Use this method from the first intro- 
duction to subtraction and continue its use. 

232 • 187 ^^ ^^ '^'^^ most rapid method known when 
224 ' 269 ' once we are accustomed to it. 

Terms: Minuend, subtrahend, remainder or difference, 
Sign, checks, casting out the nines. 

MULTIPLICATION. 

Multiplication has its origin in addition, as, 2 + 2 + 2 = 
3 twos. 

The important work in multiplication is to have the 
pupils make the multiplication tables and learn them by 
use. Let pupils have sufficient time here; vary the work 
so as not to be too monotonous. 

Terms: — Multiplican, multipler, product, factors, sign. 
Product of the same kind as the multiplican, 
multiplier always abstract. 

Checks — Casting out the nines. 

Short Methods — 10, 100, 12i^, 16^3, 33i^, 99, etc. 

li"' 25'' 35'' ^'; 18X12; 17X13; 32 X 38; 81 X 89, etc. 

Division. — Treat division as the inverse of multiplication : 
4X3 = 12; 12-=-4 = 3; 12-=-3 = 4. Pupils know di- 
vision tables, if they know the multiplication table. 
Give much time to division. Carefully grade the 
work. Do not use too large numbers. 

Pupils need aid in determining the quotent figure. 

Make out a table thus : 

17X1 = 17; 17X3 = 51; 17X5 = 85; 17x7 = 116; 17x9 = 153; 
17X2 = 34; 17X4 = 68; 17x6 = 102; 17x8 = 136. 

Pupils will soon learn by using this to tell at once the 
quotient figure. 

Terms — Dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder. 

Sign — Dividend and divisor like numbers — Quotient ab- 
stract; remainder of the same kind as the dividend. 



84 ARITHMETIC. 

Principles — Develop with care. 

Checks — Casting out nines. 

Short Methods— 12>^, l^y'i, 33^, 25, 50, 62>^, S^^^, 
125, SSSyi, etc. Practice much. 

Properties of Numbers — Numbers divisible by 2, 4, 8; 
3, 6. 9; 5 and 10, n and 11. Why? Def. Integer, 
exact divisor, common divisor, greatest common 
divisor, prime number, composite number, even 
number, odd number, factors, multiple, common 
multiple, least common multiple. 

Cancellation— Use much. 

G. C. D. — Methods, (1) Inspection, (2) Factoring, (3) 
Continued Division. Illustrate last method by 
using lines of given length: 

■ 4 ■ I ..4.8 Lay off Son 13, the rem. is 4, 



8 ... 1 2 Now lay oflf 4 on 8. It is ex- 

• actly contained. 

Bring out why you do e^ery step. Take many exam- 
ples; use small numbers. After this take larger numbers. 
Pupils will see the reason for the steps taken. 

L. C. Multiple. — Inspection. (2) Factoring; (3) Find- 
ing G. C. D. , then dividing one of the numbers 
by this and multiply the quotient by the other 
number. Illustration, 14 and 21. Inspection, 42. 

Factoring— 14 = Vx 2; 21 = 3X7; L. C. M. =2X 3X 7 = 42. 

Method— (3) G. C. D. of 14 and 21 = 7; 14h-7 = 2; 21X2 
= 42. Give much drill on the inssection method 
for it is the useful one. 

Cancellation. — Cancel whenever possible. Give many 
examples for cancellation purposes. 

FRACTIOJiS. 

1. Develop the fractional concept. Methods (Ij Paper 
folding. (2) Line. 

HalTCS. 

Cut out paper circles and distribute them to each mem- 
ber of the class. Let each pupil fold his circle into halves. - 

l-~- ^+^ = 1- 1-L=i- l-l-l-=0 

■^~2'2^2 ^'2 2' -^2 2 



ARITHMEriC. 



85- 



Fourths. 

Let pupils fold circles into fourths. 

4.1 3. 1,1 3|1 3 1 1 



1 



"4 •■ 



-of - — - • l— L — ] 

2 4 ' 4 ■ 4 



:^^j=2, etc. 

4 4 ' 



Eighths. 

Let pupils fold circles into eights 

14 3 6 



1 



9 n^d 



"4 ' 



2 l.l^rl 1 1 r31 r 6 



'S 8 • S '*' ^^^• 



Do not use symbols until pupils see the truth in the 
concrete. Centre their thoughts upon the circles. Go 
slowly in laying these foundations. This method can be 
used the first time fractions are presented. 



Line Method. 

To develop thirds, sixths and twelfths: Draw a line 12 
units long. Divide it into thirds. Divide each third into 
two equal parts. Now divide each sixth into two equal 
parts. Develop the relations between |-'s, 



k'- 



1 , 





















1 
1 = 


1 

.3 _6 
"3 ^"6 


1 

12 
^■12' 


1 2 
3 —6 


1 
~T2' 


1 1 
2 

6 ~r2 



-— i— -• 1— Lnfl- i— Lnfi 

3 6 12' 6 2 3 ' 12 2 6 " 

lof^=i< i^i-i^i-4 etc 

4^3 12^ 3 • 12^12 • 12~*' ^'-^' 



In a similar way develop thirds and ninths. 



.9. i_ fl__l 
'9 ' 3 3 "~9 



3 ° 3 ~9 • 



L-i-l — i-i-L — 1 • i_L— i_i— L 

S "Tq 9 'Q 9 ' 9 S 9 9 9 



86 



ARITHMETIC. 



20 



Fifths, Tenths, Twentieths. 



.20. 1_ 
"20' 5 



-i • i 
"20' 5 



5 "ri0~r20'~20 ' 20"' 20'~20' 5 ~l lO^lO ' 10~10~5 * 
2 °^ 5 ~10' 2 "^ 10~20' 4 °^ 5 ~20» ^^^• 

Likewise develop the relations between -'s and 7-_'s. 

^ 15 

Likewise develop the relations between ^'s and j-^'s. 

Line method. — With older pupils this is a standard 
method. 

Bring out principles — To like denominators. To lowest 
terms. Mixed numbers to fractions. Complex 
fractions to simple ones. 

Addition — (1) Like denominators; (2) Unlike denomina- 
tors; (3) Mixed numbers. 

Subtraction — (1) Like denominators; (2) Unlike denom- 
inators; (3) Mixed numbers. 

Multiplication. — (1) Fraction by fraction. 



30^-5 = 75 



1 a r 4 » 

hence, 3-01 ^ ^fs' 






V5 



.2X4. 
"3X5' 



Line Methods — 

222 

Require every pupil to prove many of these by 
both methods. Bring out the law of fractions. 
(This case includes all others) Why ? Do much 
work here. Lay a good foundation. Use can- 
cellation freely. 

Division — Method. (1) Inverse of multiplication. (2) 
Reduce to common denominator. 



ARITIIME TIC. 87 

Illustration — 

2r4 88.24 8.42 rj., r 

3-of.5=r5; r5--r=5-; 15^5 =3-- Therefore, to 
divide one fraction by another, divide the numer- 
ator of the dividend by the numerator of the 
divisor, divide the denominator of the dividend 
by the denominator of the divisor. 

Example — 

8 • 4 ~" ■ 8X3"~24' 24 * 4 ~6 

(2) Common denominator — 

L _t_3_ _7 _^6 _7_ 
8 • 4 ~"8 • 8 "~6 

Both of these methods lead up to inverting divisor and 
then multiplying. Be sure to develop these fundamental 
truths. Every principle of fractions can be clearly 
brought out. Let pupils make up many examples; use 
fractions with small denominators. 

Secure three things: (1) Neatness; (2) Accuracy; (3) 
Facility. 

DECIMALS. 

The pupils are already familiar vv^ith the decimal sys- 
tem of notations with reference to integers, now they are 
to study an extension of this system: They know that 10 
units make one ten, 10 tens make one hundred, etc. This 
same law is to hold as we proceed to the right, as — 

c b a a' b" c' a j b j a' j a b' j a" 

111. 111. l=:i()ofb; l=foofc; l=ioofl; l=foof l,etc. 

Hence, we see the decimal law running through the entire 
series of digits. This is the teacher's idea of our nota- 
tion. 

To DEVELOP THIS WITH PUPILS, use the metre. 1 repre- 
sents the metre; .1 represents the decimetre; .01 repre- 
sents = centimetre, etc. 

Method (2). Take a cube 10 units on a side. Meth- 
od (3). Use ^1, 1 dime, 1 cent. 

The decimal point is used to locate units. 

Laws. — {\) Moving the decimal point one place to the 
right multiplies the number by 10. (2) Moving the deci- 
mal point one place to the left, divides the number by 10. 

(3) Annexing a cypher to a decimal does not change its 
value. IllustratioJi: 200. 20.0; 2.00; .200; .200; 2.00; 
20.0; 200. 



88 ARITHMETIC. 

r 4 40 4 

Third law.— .4 = . 40 for _=_=-. 

Require pupils to be proficient in writing and reading 
decimals to millionths without numerating. 

Addition and subtraction present no difficulties. 

Multiplication — 

Method (1). 200X.1 = 20; 200X.01 = 2. Law {2) 
24X.01=.24, Law (2). 24X .03 = 24X .01 X 3 = 
.72, Law 2. 

Method (2). 2.4X.01=|Xi^=;J^=.024. Law of 
pointing off. Develop these fundamentals with 
great care. 

Division — 

Method (1). Remove the decimal point from the 
divisor, as, . 2). 84 = 2)8. 4 | 4.2 ; .02)8.4 = 2)840 |_420. 

Principle — Multiplying dividend and divisor by the same 
numbers does not change the value of the quo- 
tient. 

Method (2). .84-.2=|^X^°=g=4.2. 
10 
Develop pointing off quotient. Pupils should be 
so drilled that they are as proficient in the use of 
decimals as in the use of integers. 

INTRODUCTION TO PERCENTA€IE. 

Percentage is simply an application of fractions and 
decimals. Pupils know how to find any fractional or 
decimal part of any number. Percent, is from the Latin 
percentum and means by the hundred. Hence we say 
4% for .04; 5% for .05, etc. Give many examples to fully 
bring the change of names used. 

Reduction of fractions to decimals: — 

1=.50; i = .25; | = ,75; ^=-12^; |=-3Vi-; 

|=.62L; H-8^^; H-34; l=-64; H-i4 

i=.83i; 4=.08i; 4=.4l|; ^=-581; i=.20; 
, i=.40; |=.60; i=.80; i=.10; i=.30; 
I=.70; i=.90; i= .05; |,= .15; |,= .35; etc. 



ARITHMETIC. 89 

Let pupils make out this list, then drill by using all of 
the different ones. This should be thoroughly done. 

Now we are ready for the problems of percentage. 

Give many mental examples — Rapid work. 

Treat the problems under three heads. (1) To find 
any percent, of any number. (2) To find what percent, 
one number is of another. (3) To find a number, given 
any percent, of it. 

200 200 ( ) 

(1) ^ (2) _^^ (3) _:06' 

( ) 12 12 

Principles. (1) Given the factors to find the product, 
(2) Given the product and one factor to find the 
other factor. (3) Same principle as (2). 

Give much practice in these three problems. Give 

many off-hand exercises to class. Teach pupils to look 

for relations. Here is a good place to develop the reason 
and judgment. 

Now let percentage rest for a short time and take up 

Denominate Numbers. — 

Develop. Long measure.- — Do much measuring. 
Judge of distances. 

Make table of square measure. Make table cubic 
measure. Use blocks for cubic measure. 

Board foot — Get a board foot. Compute much 
here. All sizes of timbers. 

Avordupois Weight. — Use scales. Judge of weight 
of objects. 

Liquid Measure. Use actual measure. 

Dry Measure. Use actual measure. 

Time Table — Standard Time. Have a map. 

Surveyor's Table — Use measures to develop. Troy 
weight. Apothecaries' weight and liquid measure. 

Metric System. — Develop tables. Use metre, gram, and 
litre to do it. Money, coin, specie, currency, 
paper money. Reduction ascending and descend- 
ing — concrete and abstract numbers, simple and 
compound numbers. 



;90 A RITHME TIC. 

Interest. — Teach one method, the six percent. Interest 
for 2 mo. =.01 of the prin. Int. for 6 days = .001 
of the prin. Require pupils to give the proof of 
this. Give much drill to secure accuracy and 
speed. 

The legal rate for Michigan is 5%, but 6 or 7% may 
be collected by contract. 

Pupils write a promissory note — Interest, amount, 
good form of work. 

Annual Interest. — Look up special law of Michigan. 
Write notes. Compute. Steps in work. (1) Int. 
on prin. for time note runs. (2) Int. on each 
years' interest from time due to maturity of note. 
(3) Total interest. (4) Amount. 

Partial Payments. — Pupils write notes. Make endorse- 
ments. Compute interest. New principal. Give 
much practice. Give it an air of business. 

Bank Discount. — Write bank note, bank discount, pro- 
ceeds, holder, drawer, payee, indorser, face of 
note, maturity. Illustrate clearly here. 

Discounting Notes. — Bankers' method. (1) Notes with 
interest. (2) Notes without interest. (3) Dis- 
counting same day note is given, with interest. 

Exact Interest — Compute by 6% method. Subtract ^ 
of it to get exact interest. Why? Used by 
whom? 

Commission. — Certain per cent, of money invested. One 
cent per bushel. Retain commission. Paying 
by check. Ascertain how business is done. 

Definitions. — Profit, loss, net, commission, agent, con- 
signment, consignee, consignor. 

Commercial Discount. — List price. Several discounts. 
Net price. Practice. 

True Dircount — Present wotrh. True discount — When 
used in busijiess? 

Taxes — Township. Real estate, personal property, as- 
sessor; assessment; board of review; amount to 
be raised; how determined; by whom determined; 
rate of taxation; extending roll. 



ARITHMETIC. 91 

County — Board of Supervisors; county tax; how 
determined; by whom determined; apportionment 
to township. 

State — Board of Equalization; amount of tax, how 
determined; by whom; apportionment to coun- 
ties. 

Make out an assessment roll for your district. Ex- 
tend the roll as Supervisors do. 

Partnership. — (1) Partners. (2) Capital stock. (3) 
Shares. (4) Gross gains or loss. (5) Expenses. 
(6) Net gain. (V) Dividend or assessment. 
Make up an example to illustrate this. Companies. 
Incorporated. How done. Purpose. Unincor- 
porated. Limited. Liabilities. Resources. De- 
ficit. Charter. 

BoNDS^(l) District. (2) Township. (3) County., (4) 
State. (5) U. S. (6) Corporation, (7) Purpose 
in bonding. Illustrate in school district. (8) 
Registered. (9) Coupon. 

Stocks. — Share, certificate, par value, market value, 
broker, brokerage, quotations. 

Insurance. — Property, life, policy, mutual, old line, endow- 
ment, assessment. 

Exchange. — Postoffice order, registered letter, express, 
express money order, telegraph, draft, check. 
Write a draft for $100. Write a check. Differ- 
ence. Clearing house. Bills of credit. 

Duties and Customs. — Purposes, by whom paid, where 
paid, free list, advalorum duty, specific. 

Internal Revenue. — Spirits, tobacco, fermented liquors- 
oleomargarine, etc. 

Ratio. — Dividend, divisor, or antecedent, consequent, 
quotient, sign, dividend and divisor like numbers. 
Principle same as of fractions. 

Proportion — Equality of ratios, as, 

1=4; ^^ = 4; | =^%r 8--2 = 16-4. 



•92 ARITHMETIC. 

Solving for missing term — 

1=1?. 8X2 = 16; 2X2 = 4 missing term. 

3 _() 



i=ij. 4X2>^ = 10; 3 X2>^ = 7 >^ missing term. 

3^_ X 
4 ~~10' 



Method (2). \^l. 4x^30 



Use both methods. 

Stating Problems — 

4 articles cost 20 cents 

2 " " 10 cents. Ratio of articles=| =2. 

Ratio of cost of articles =^°= 2; Ratio of articles = 
Ratio of cost of article. 
Give many simple problems involving this principle. 

Inverse Proportion — 

8 men do a piece of work in 24 days; 
4 " " same " " " " 48 

Ratio of men=^=2. Ratio of days=5-g=2- 

Hence, 2=|-, the inverse of \. 
This kind of proportion is much used in Physics — 
light, heat, sound. 

Speer method of using ratio — 

8 articles cost 20 cents, 16 articles cost 40 cents, 5 
articles cost 15 cents, 7 articles cost '- of 15 = 21c. 
fz of an article costs 12 cents. ^ of same arti- 
cle costs ^ of 12 cents = 9 cents. 

Definitions. — Extremes, means, signs, inverse, direct, 
conipotmd, etc. 

Involution. — Power, root, exponent, square, cube, perfect 
power. 

Evolution. — Square root, cube root, pointing off. Why? 
Operation, reasons, trial divisor, complete divisor. 

Complete Divisor. — -Value of square root and cube root. 

Progression. — Arithmetical and geometrical. First term, 
com. diff. ; last term, sums; first term, com. ratio; 
last term, sums. This is better omitted until the 
pupil has had algebra. 



ARirilMETIC. 93 

MENSURATION. 

Lines — Straight, curved, horizontal, perpendicular, parallel. 

Angles — Straight, right, acute, obtuse, 
Develop a=4-b'' = h^ a|\^ 

b 

Area — We mean the number of square units in a given 
surface. The units used are the square inch, 
square foot, square yard, square rod, square mile. 
One order of development: (1) Squares. (2) Isos- 
celes Right Triangle. (3) Rectangle. (4) 
Scalene Right Triangle. (5) Parallelogram. (6) 
Scalene Triangle. (7) Rhombus. (8) Isosceles 
Triangle. (9) Equilateral Triangle. (10) Trap- 
ezoid. (11) Polygon Regular. (12) Polygon 
Irregular. (13) Circle. 

Draw figures. Cut out figures. Prove equality of 
triangles. Divide into squares. Make this sub- 
ject plain. Do not teach it by rule. Remember 
the multiplier is alvi^ays abstract. 10 sq. inches 
X2 = 20 sq. inches. How many squares in one 
row? How many rows? — Say it right. 

In connection with these areas, teach carpeting, 
plastering, papering, painting, flooring. Problem. 
Make all these computations for your school 
room. 

VOLUME. 

Volume: We mean the number of cubic units in a given 
space. Develop in following order: (1) Right Rectangular 
Parallelepiped (2) Cube. (3) Right Triangular Prism. 
(4) Any Right Prism. (5) Right Triangular Pyramid. 
(6) Any right Pyramid. (7) Cylinder. (8) Cone. (9) 
Sphere. (10) Frustum of a cone. 

Have these solids made of tin. Do not attempt to 
teach it without tins. Use blocks. 

Compute the lateral areas of these solids. 

Volumes of bins. — Let pupils solve many practical 
examples Be sure to bring out the relations between 
certain solids. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



Anatomy is derived from two Greek words meaning, 
the science of dissection. 

Human Anatomy is the science which treats of the 
structure, form, and location of the various parts of the 
body. 

Histology is microscopic anatomy. 

Physiology is the science which treats of functions. 

Function is the work of an organ. 

Organ is a part of the body that has a special function. 

Hygiene is the science of health. 

Health is the natural condition of the organs of the 
body. 

Disease is the unnatural condition of the organs of the 
body. 

Organic bodies are those that contain organs; as ani- 
mals and plants. 

Inorganic bodies, those that do not contain organs, as 
minerals. 

BONES. 

Skeleton — Made of bones which form the frame work of 
the body. 

Composition — (1) animal matter; (2) mineral matter. 

The proportion of the animal matter to the mineral 
matter varies with age. In childhood the bones 
contain more animal matter, and thus are more 
elastic; while in an adult they contain more min- 
eral matter and are brittle and easily broken. The 
animal matter can be removed by burning, and 
the mineral matter by soaking in dilute muriatic 
acid. 

Uses. — (1) The frame work of the body. (2) To protect 

delecate organs. (3) To act as levers for the 

production of motion. (4) Surfaces for the at- 
tachment of muscles. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 95 

Periosteum. — A fibrous, vascular membrane covering the 
bones. 

Endosteum. — A vascular membrane surrounding the me- 
dullary canal, which nourishes the inside of the 
bone. 

The effects of alcohol and tobacco on the bones. 
Classification of Bones — 

Head (28).— (1) Cranium (8 bones), frontal, occipi- 
tal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid. 
(2) Face (14 bones). 

2 superior maxillary, 2 molar, 2 nasal, 2 lachrymal, 
2 palate, 2 turbinated, inferior maxillary, vomer. 
Ear (6 bones). Hammer, anvil, stirrup. 

Trunk (54 bones). 

1— Spinal column (24 bones.) 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 

5 lumbar and 2 sacral. 
Ribs. — 24 bones. 

14 true ribs, 6 false ribs, 4 floating ribs. 
Sternum, 
Hyoid bone. 
Two innominate bones. 

Upper Limbs. 64 bones. 

Upper arm. — 2 scapula, 2 clavicle, 2 humerus. 

Forearm. — 2 ulna, 2 radius 

Hand. — 16 carpel, 10 medacarpal, 28 phlanges. 

Lower Limbs. 60 bones. 

Leg.— Femuer 2, patilla 2, tibia 2, fibula 2. 
Foot. — 14 tarsal, 10 metatarsal, 28 phlanges. 

MUSCLES. 

Uses. — To produce the various movements of the body. 
To give form and symmetry to the body. 

Classes. — Voluntary muscles because their movements are 
generally under the control of the will, as the 
biceps. 

Involuntary muscles perform their functions inde- 
pendently of the will. 

Mixed muscles because they are partiy voluntary 
and partly involuntary. 



96 PHYSIOLOGY. 

Structure, — 

Voluntary muscles are made of striated fibres sur- 
rounded by membrane called the sarcolemma. 
These fibres form bundles, and bundles form 
muscles. 
Involuntary muscles are made of fibres that are 
spindle shape and unstriated as the muscles of 
the walls of the stomach. 

Number. — There are over four hundred arranged in pairs. 

Tendons. — Are white fibrous tissue connecting muscles to 
bones. They are most numerous around the 
larger joints. The largest tendon in the body is 
the tendon of Achilles connecting the muscles on 
the back of the leg with the heel. 

Levers. — First class — Fulcrum, between the weight and 

power. 
Second class — Weight between the fulcrum and 

power. 
Third class — Power between the weight and fulcrum 

Exercise. — (1) The importance of exercise; (2) when to 
exercise; (3) how to exercise; (4) what is normal 
exercise and its effect? (5) what is abnormal ex- 
ercise and its effect? 

SKIN AND BATHING. 

Skin — The skin is the external covering of the body com- 
posed of two layers: the cutis, or true skin, and 
the cuticle, or false skin. 
Use of dermis. Use of epidermis. 

Functions of the skin — An organ of protection, sensa- 
tion, absorption, excretion, respiration and a regu- 
lator of temperature. 

Appendages of the Skin — Hair, nails, sweat glands, and 
sebaceous glands. 

Hair — Structure; cause of color; uses of the hair on dif- 
ferent parts of the body. 

Nails — Structure, function. 

Bathing — Importance; value of bathing; time for bathing; 
reaction and its value; kinds of baths: Russian, 
Turkish, mud, sun, and mineral baths. 
Why should good soap be used? 



PHYSIOLOGY. 97 



KIDNEYS. 



Location, size, structure, and function. 
Effects of alcohol on the skin and kidneys. 

DIGESTION. 

Digestion is the process of converting food into 

blood. 
Assimilation is the process of converting blood into 

tissue. 

Organs. — Mouth with its appendages form the first divis- 
ion of the alimentar}' canal. The teeth are or- 
gans of mastication; thirty-two in number. 
Tongue assists in mastication 

Salivary glands secrete a alkaline juice called the 
saliva. Parotid 2, submaxillary 2, sublingual 2. 

The pharynx is a funnel shaped tube about four and 
a half inches long in the back part of the throat 
into which the esophagus and the trachea open. 
There are two openings from the pharynx leading 
to the nose called the posterior nares, and two 
leading to the ear, called the Eustachian tubes. 

Esophagus or gullet is amembranus tube about nine 
inches long connecting the pharynx with the 
stomach. 

The Stomach — A pear shaped organ located beneath 
the ribs, composed of three coats and has two 
openings — the cardiac from the esophagus, and the 
pyemus to the intestines Next, in the walls of 
the stomach are gastric glands that secrete a acid 
fluid called the gastric juice 

Small Intestine — A tube beginning at the lower end 
of the stomach. It is about twenty feet long and 
divided into three parts. The first one is called the 
duodenum. It is about twelve inches long and 
into this tube the bile and pancreatic ducts empty. 
The second division is the jejumun, and the last 
one is the ileum. 

The Ileocoecal valve is located between the first di- 
vision of large intestines and the ileum. Attached 
to the co-£ecum is a small tube called the vermiform 
appendix. Its use is not understood. The sec- 
ond division of the large intestines is divi-ded into 
three parts: ascending, transverse, descending 
colon. The last division of the large intestine is 
the rectum. 



96 PHYSIOLOGY. 

Pancreas — A gland located behind the stomach that 
secretes an alkaline juice which flows into the du- 
odenum. 

The Liver — The largest gland in the body, secretes 
an alkaline juice called the bile. 

The Gall-bladder — A small sack fastened to the 
under side of the liver and is used to hold bile for 
future use. 

Thoracic Duct is a tube about sixteen inches long 
which conveys chyle and lymph to the left side 
of the neck. 

The steps by which food is converted into tissue are 
as follows: Mastication, insalivation, deglutition, 
stomach and intestinal digestion, absorption, cir- 
culation, assimilation. 



CIRCULATION. 

Circulation is the continuous movement of the blood 
from the heart to repair the system, and its return to the 
lungs to be purified. 

Organs of — 

Heart is a hollow, cone shaped muscular organ 

with two auricles and two ventricles located be- 
tween the lungs a little to the left of the body. 

The right auricle receives impure blood and the 

left ventricle forces pure blood all over the body. 
Pericaridum is a serous membrane that surrounds the 

heart. 
Endocardium — Is a serous membrane that lines the 

inside of the heart. 
Arteries. — Tube like canals with the three elastic 

coats which convey the blood from the heart to 

the capillaries. 
Veins — Are the vessels that convey the blood from the 

capillaries to the lungs. They also have three 

coats, but are inelastic. 
Capillaries — Are the small vessels that connect the 

arteries with the veins. 
Blood. — Arterial blood is a bright, pure red liquid 

used to nourish the different tissues. 
Venous blood is a dark blue, impure liquid charged 

with impurities. 



Pljys/OLOGY. 99 

Composition. Plasma, a colorless fluid richly 
charged with material derived from the food. 

Corpusles: — Are of two kinds — red and white. The 
red ones carry oxygen to the tissues and carbonic 
acid from the tissues. The white ones are larger 
than the red ones and are used as scavengers. 

COAGULAI'lON OK BlOOD — 



Blood 



T-., Serum Serum. 

Plasma ■ ^--u • /-i .. 

Fibrm Clot. 



) 
Corpuscles -| 



Red 
White 



RESPIRATION. 

Organs ok Respiration— 

Nose, is used to warm, filter and moisten the in- 
spired air. 

Pharynx — a passage for air between the nose and 
larynx. 

Larynx, is a cartilaginous box at the top of trachea 
across which are stretched the vocal chords. The 
opening into the larynx is the glottis, and the 

, covering of the glottis, is the epiglottis. 

Trachea, or, wind-pipe, is an elastic tube about four 
and one-half inches in length which connects the 
larynx with the bronchial tubes. These bron- 
chial tubes divides and sub-divide until they 
finally end into lobules. The trachea is held 
Open by means of rings of cartilage. 

Lungs — Two in number and are the principal or- 
gans of respiration. It is here where the venous 
blood is changed to arterial. 

Pleura — A serous membrane covering the lungs and 
inside of the thoracic cavity. 

Inspiration — The process of breathing air into the 
lungs, and thus giving oxygen to the blood. 

Expiration — Breathing out the impurities. 

Diaphragm — A muscular membrane separating the 
thoracic from the abdominal cavity. 

Impurities in the air and how disease germs are 
produced from them. 



100 PHYSIOLOGY. 

Impurities in the school room, and how they are 
removed by ventilation. 

Deodorizer — Something that will cover up an odor, 
as burnt coffee. 

Disinfectant — Anything that will destro}' germs, as 
sulphur. 

Antiseptic — Anything that has the power of destroy- 
ing the disease germ, as zinc sulphate. 

Absorbent — Anything that will absorb odors, as 
lime and charcoal. 

NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

Object. — To regulate the movements of the body. 

The nervous system is divided into two divisions: 
1. Cerebro spinal nervous system, and (2) the 
sympathetic. 

The Cerebro spinal system is composed of the 
brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that branch 
from them. 

The sympathetic system is composed of most of the 
nerves in thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. 

Brain. — The organ of the mind. 

The brain is composed of gra}' matter on the outside 
which originates nervous force, and white on the 
inside which conveys it. 

Divisions. — Cerebrum — The largest and most important 
part of the brain. The seat of intelligbnce is 
located here. It is composed of a mass of white 
fibres covered with gray cells. The surface of 
the cerebrum is deeply convoluted. 

Cerebellum — (Lesser brain) It is about one-eighth 
as large as the cerebrum and controls voluntary 
motion. 

The surface of the cerebellum is covered with par- 
allel ridges. ^ 

Medulla oblongata, or spinal bulb is the enlarged 
portion of the spinal cord. It is located within 
the skull. 

The Spinal Cord is a cylindrical mass of nervous 
tissue about eighteen inches long located in the 
spinal canal. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 101 

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three 
coverings: first, the outer one is called the Dura- 
mater. A dense firm membrane used for protec- 
tion. Second, the Arachnoid is a serous mem- 
brane located beneath the Dura mater and se- 
cretes a lubricating fluid. Third, Pia mater, a 
delicate vascular membrane used to supply the 
brain with blood. 

Nkrvks. — Silvery thread surrounded by the perineurium 
composed principally of white matter. They con- 
nect all the organs with the brain and spinal cord. 
Each nerve has two sets of fibres. The sensory, 
to carry sensations, and the motor, to carry 
motor impulses. 

Cranial Nerves. — There are twelve pairs originating 
from the base of the skull. 1. Olfactory; 2. Op- 
tic; 3. Motores oculi; 4. Pathetici; 5. Trigem- 
inals; 6. Abducentes; 7. Facial; S. Auditory; 
9. Glossopharyngials; 10. Spinal accessory; 11, 
Pneumogastric; 12. Hypoglossals. 

Spinal Nerves. — There are thirty-one pairs of spinal 
nerves that issue from the spinal cord. 
Divisions of the spinal nerves: — Eight cervical, 
twelve dorsal, five lumbar, six sacral. 

Sympathetic Nerves. — Extend from a double chain of 
ganglia on either side of the spinal column to the 
heart, lungs, stomach, etc. 

Reflex Action. — Any nerve force transmitted to a nerve 
center by a sensory nerve and then reflected to a 
motor nerve so as to produce secretion or musular 
movement, is called reflex action. 

Use of reflex action — artificial reflex action. 

SPECIAL SENSES. 

Sight. — Organ of sight is the eye. Location — 

The organ of vision is composed of three coats. 
1. Sclerotic — a hard, firm coat used to protect 
the eye ball. 2. Choroid — a vascular coat con- 
taining pigment cells. This coat is used to ab- 
sorb superfluous light. 3. Retina — an expansion 
of the optic nerve. It is used to receive the rays 
of light which come from the objects. 



lOS PHYSIOLOGY. 

Eye-lids — Two movable curtains which cover the 

front part of the orbit. 
Eye-lashes — Are the hairs on the lid used as a 

screen. 

Lachrymal glands secrete the tears which keep the 

surface clear and transparent. 
Cornea- — The thin transparent part of the sclerotic 

coat. 

Iris — The colored curtain which lies back of the 

cornea. 
Pupil — The opening into the Iris. 
Crystalline lens— Located back of the pupil, and is 

used to focus rays of light on the retina. 
Aqueous Humor — A water like liquid lying between 

the lens and the cornea. 
Vitreous Humor — A jelly like mass behind the lens. 
Optic Nerve — The connecting" link between the eye 

and brain. 
Conjunctiva — The inner lining of the lid and the 

covering of the front part of the eye-ball. 
Tarsal Cartilages — Between the lid and conjunctiva. 
Meibomian Glands — Between cartillages and con- 
junctiva secrete oil. 
Blind Spot — Where the optic nerve enters the eye. 

It is insensible to light. 
Yellow Spot — Directly back of the pupil. It is the 

most sensitive part of the retina. 
Emmetropic — Is a perfect eye. 
Myopia — Or short-sight. Remedy, concave lens. 
Hypermetropia — Long sight, Remedy, convex lens. 
Presbyopia — Old sight. Remedy, convex lens. 
Astigmatism — The inability to focus perpendicular 

lines. 
Care of the eyes. 

HEARING. 

Ear — Is the organ of hearing. It consists of three parts. 

First — External ear — is composed of the auricle 

for catching sound, and the auditory canal, a tube 

about an inch and a quarter long, closed at the 

inner end by the tympanum. 



PHYS/OLOGY. lOa 

Second — Middle ear. It is separated from the ex- 
ternal ear by the tympanic membrane. This 
division of the ear contains three small bones — 
hammer, anvil, and stirrup. 

Eustachian tube used to admit air from the pharynx 
to the middle ear. 

Third — Inner ear, is composed of the labyrinth and 
a part of the auditory nerve. 

Vestibule — central portion of the labyrinth. 

Cochlea — Is a tube in the upper portion of the 
labyrinth. 

Semicircular Canals — Canals in the lower portion of 
the labyrinth. 

SMELL. 

The sense by which we appreciate odors. 

Location — This sense is located in the mucous membrane 
which lines the nose. 

Uses — (1) To aid in selection of food and drink. ( 3) To 
warn us of impure air. 

Olfactory Nerves — The first pair of cranial nerves are 
special nerves of smell. 

Nasal Passages- — Two high narrow canals extending from 
the nostrils to the top of pharyrx. The inner 
walls of each passage is straight while the outer 
is made uneven by three small turbinated bones. 
The septum separates the nasal passages. Cul- 
tivation of this sense. 

TASTE. 
The sense by which we appreciate flavors. 

Location — It is located in the mucous membrane of the 
tongue, of the soft palate, and also in the back 
part of the throat. 

Papillae^ — Kinds, use. 

Nerves of Taste — There is no distinct nerve of taste. 
Two-thirds of the tongue is supplied by the 
lingual branch of the trigeminals and one-third 
by the lingual branch of the glosso-pharyngeal 
nerves. 



104 PHYSIOLOGY. 

Uses — (1) To aid in selection of food. (2) Excites the 
flow of saliva. 

TOUCH. 

The sense by which we appreciate the form of objects 
and also temperature. 

Location — In all parts of the body, especially at the tip 
of the tongue and ends of fingers. 

Uses — To aid the other senses. 

Muscular Sense — That which enables us to estimate the 
weight of bodies. 

Sense of Temperature — The sense of heat and cold. 

What produces pain? 

ALCOHOL. 

DeI'TNTITONS — 

Alcohol — The active and intoxicating principle of 

all fei'mented liquors. 
Sti7nulant — An agent that produces an increase of 

vital activity in the body. 
Narcotic — An agent that produces sleep, stupor, 

paralysis, and often death. 

Origin of — 

Fennentation — The change which takes place in the 
elements of an organic substance under the influ- 
ence of a decomposing agent called a ferment. 

Distillation— -The separation of fluids that boil at 
different temperature by evaporating one and 
again condensing it. 

Source of — 

Sugar and starch, or any substance containing sac- 
charine matter. 

Properties of — 

A colorless iiuid of an agreeable odor and strong, 
pungent taste. Its chemical proprieties are car- 
bon, hydrogen and oxygen; in commercial or 
ethyl ic alcohol, there are two parts carbon, six 
hydrogen and one oxygen. It has a great affinity 
for water, absorbing it from the atmosphere. It 



PHYSIOLOGY. 105 

is very inflammable, burning with a pale bluish 
flame without smoke. It is a powerful solvent, 
and employed in medicine in the preparation of 
tinctures and in the arts to dissolve resins, gums, 
oils, etc. It boils at 173° F. and no degree of 
cold ever yet obtained has effected its congelation. 
Its antiseptic properties prevent chemical change 
in organic substances. 



Effects of — 



On Nervous System — Alcohol mainly selects the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system for its great center 
of action; the nerves of motion are especially 
effected. The cerebrum and cerebellum become 
hardened by its use and the cerebral arteries in a 
state of fatty degeneration. 

On Digestion — The chemical action of alcohol is to 
prevent change in organic substances, which is 
the work of digestion from first to last. It is in- 
digestible, and is taken up by the absorbents and 
carried into the blood. Its circulation through 
the lungs gives one who drinks it the "whiskey 
breath. " 

On the Stomach — It becomes congested and greatly 
wrinkled, as if a powerful astringent had been 
taken; the mucous membrane becomes white, and 
thickened; or softened and covered with a muco- 
purulent secretion. 

On the Blood — It becomes fluid and venous by the 
separation of the plasma, increases in carbon and 
hydrogen, contains less oxygen and but little 
fibrin, which accounts for its non-coagulating 
property. 

On the Mifid — The general effects are confusion of 
thought, loss of memory, various mental affec- 
tions varying with individual character, less 
power of self control and loss of moral power. 

•On the Muscular System — The influence of alcohol 
is to lessen the amount of carbonic acid exhaled 
from the lungs, and to diminish muscular force 
in the same ratio. 



106 PHYSIOLOGY. 

On the Special Senses — It produces hallucination of 
sight by seeing things double or a variety of ob- 
jects, indicating that it especially affects that por- 
tion of the brain that gives rise to the optic nerve. 
Taste and smell are impaired by its influence upon 
mucous membrane. 

On the Brain — It hardens and impairs its delicate 
texture, blunts the finer sensibilities, and man 
loses the power of self-control, self-respect, de- 
scending step by step in intellectual and moral 
power. 

On the Heart and Liver — The superior affinity for 
oxygen, which alcohol possesses, prevents the 
proper elimination of effete matter, thus produc- 
ing fatty degeneration of these organs: 

Transmitted Effects — The diseased condition of the 
system, induced by the stimulating and narcotic 
effects of alcoholic drinks, must reproduce in the 
child the characteristic tendencies of the parent. 

On the Temperature of t/ie Body — "For a few min- 
utes after alcohol is administered, to the amount 
of a gill of wine or brandy, the temperature rises 
slightly, after which it falls several degrees below 
the standard of health, and remains so for hours." 
— W. B. Carpenter. 

"It is doubtful if another single agent can be 
named, which, introduced into the system from 
without, has been the occasion of a greater amount 
of disease, mental decay and premature death.'' 
— J. C. Hutchinson, M. D. 



NOV 6 1899 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



